Faktor Pengetahuan dan Sikap dalam Perilaku Pencegahan COVID-19 di Bantul: Analisis Data Sekunder Studi Seroprevalensi COVID-19 Bantul 2021

Atha Shabrina Ghaisani, dr. Riris Andono Ahmad, M.P.H., Ph.D.; dr. Ahmad Watsiq Maula, M.P.H.; Dr. dr. Citra Indriani, M.P.H.

2026 | Skripsi | PENDIDIKAN DOKTER

Pendahuluan: Penyakit virus Korona 2019 (COVID-19) adalah penyakit virus sangat menular yang disebabkan oleh virus Korona (SARS-CoV-2). Kebanyakan orang yang terinfeksi virus ini akan mengalami penyakit pernapasan ringan hingga sedang dan sembuh tanpa memerlukan perawatan khusus. Siapa pun bisa tertular COVID-19 dan menjadi sakit parah atau meninggal. Virus ini dapat menyebar dari droplet aerosol yaitu menyebar melalui cairan yang besar atau partikel cairan kecil dari mulut saat batuk, bersin, berbicara, atau bernapas. Oleh sebab itu makan penyebaran COVID-19 harus dicegah dengan cara menerapkan perilaku pencegahan. Perilaku pencegahan adalah hal atau upaya yang dilakukan masyarakat dalam upaya mengurangi transmisi atau penyebaran penyakit dalam hal ini COVID-19. Sehingga penting untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan serta mempraktikkan pencegahan virus COVID-19 seperti memasukkan vaksin ke dalam tubuh untuk memicu sistem imun sehingga memiliki imunitas terhadap suatu penyakit(vaksinasi), menjaga perilaku seperti menggunakan masker, dan menjaga lingkungan tetap bersih untuk mengurangi penyebaran virus COVID-19. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan pengetahuan dan sikap terhadap COVID-19 dengan perilaku pencegahan COVID-19 pada masyarakat di Kabupaten Bantul berdasarkan data sekunder Studi Seroprevalensi COVID-19 Bantul tahun 2021 setelah dilakukan penyesuaian terhadap variabel perancu. Metode: Studi ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain deskriptif analitik yang menggunakan data sekunder data survei dari studi Seroprevalensi COVID-19 di Kabupaten Bantul yang dilaksanakan pada tahun 2021. Variabel yang dianalisis meliputi pengetahuan dan sikap terhadap COVID-19 sebagai variabel independen dan perilaku pencegahan COVID-19 sebagai variabel dependen, dengan variabel lain seperti status vaksinasi, usia, jenis kelamin, pekerjaan sebagai variabel perancu. Analisis deskriptif dilakukan untuk memperoleh gambaran distribusi setiap variabel penelitian. Analisis bivariat dilakukan untuk menilai hubungan antara masing-masing variabel independen dan variabel perancu dengan perilaku pencegahan COVID-19. Selanjutnya, analisis multivariat dilakukan untuk menganalisis hubungan pengetahuan dan sikap terhadap COVID-19 dengan perilaku pencegahan COVID-19 setelah dikontrol oleh variabel perancu. Hasil: Sebanyak 209 responden (52,0%) memiliki perilaku pencegahan COVID-19 yang baik. Pada analisis bivariat, pengetahuan mengenai penyebab, penularan, gejala, dan upaya pencegahan COVID-19 serta persepsi risiko tertular berhubungan dengan perilaku pencegahan. Setelah dilakukan penyesuaian dalam analisis multivariat, pengetahuan mengenai upaya pencegahan COVID-19 (AOR=3,60; 95% CI: 1,15 13,80; p=0,039) dan persepsi risiko tertular COVID-19 tetap menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna dengan perilaku pencegahan. 

Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious viral disease caused by the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Most people infected with this virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. However, anyone can contract COVID-19 and become severely ill or die. This virus can spread through aerosol droplets, namely large fluids or small liquid particles from the mouth during coughing, sneezing, talking, or breathing. Therefore, the spread of COVID-19 must be prevented by implementing preventive behaviors. Preventive behavior refers to efforts undertaken by the community to reduce the transmission or spread of disease, in this case COVID-19. Thus, it is important to enhance knowledge and practice COVID-19 prevention measures, such as vaccination (introducing a vaccine into the body to trigger the immune system so as to develop immunity against a disease), maintaining preventive behaviors such as mask-wearing, and keeping the environment clean to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Objective: To analyze the relationship between knowledge and attitudes toward COVID-19 with COVID-19 preventive behavior among the community in Bantul Regency, based on secondary data from the 2021 Bantul COVID-19 Seroprevalence Study, after adjusting for confounding variables. Methods: This study is a quantitative study with a descriptive-analytic design using secondary survey data from the COVID-19 Seroprevalence Study conducted in Bantul Regency in 2021. The variables analyzed included knowledge and attitudes toward COVID-19 as independent variables, and COVID-19 preventive behavior as the dependent variable, with other variables such as vaccination status, age, sex, and occupation treated as confounding variables. Descriptive analysis was conducted to obtain an overview of the distribution of each study variable. Bivariate analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between each independent variable and confounding variable with COVID-19 preventive behavior. Furthermore, multivariate analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between knowledge and attitudes toward COVID-19 with COVID-19 preventive behavior after controlling for confounding variables. Results: A total of 209 respondents (52.0%) had good COVID-19 preventive behavior. In the bivariate analysis, knowledge regarding the causes, transmission, symptoms, and prevention efforts of COVID-19, as well as perceived risk of infection, were associated with preventive behavior. After adjustment in the multivariate analysis, knowledge of COVID-19 prevention efforts (AOR=3.60; 95% CI: 1.15–13.80; p=0.039) and perceived risk of contracting COVID-19 remained significantly associated with preventive behavior. 

Kata Kunci : Covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, Pencegahan COVID-19, Perilaku pencegahan