Kajian Atas Batas Maritim antara Malaysia dan Thailand dan Pengaruhnya bagi Penentuan Lokasi Trijunction Point antara Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Thailand

Lisbeth Adventiana Gloria Christi, Ir. I Made Andi Arsana, S.T., M.E., Ph.D.

2026 | Skripsi | TEKNIK GEODESI

Selat Malaka merupakan kawasan perairan strategis yang berada di antara Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Thailand. Mengingat lebar kawasan ini kurang dari 400 mil laut, delimitasi batas Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif (ZEE) diperlukan bagi negara-negara yang memiliki pantai yang saling berhadapan atau berdampingan sebagaimana diatur dalam UNCLOS 1982. Hingga saat ini, Malaysia dan Thailand belum mencapai kesepakatan delimitasi batas ZEE sehingga berpotensi menimbulkan tumpang tindih klaim ZEE di antara kedua negara. Ketidakpastian delimitasi tersebut tidak hanya memengaruhi kepastian batas maritim Malaysia dan Thailand, tetapi juga menyebabkan belum pastinya lokasi trijunction point antara Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Thailand sebagai titik pertemuan batas maritim ketiga negara. Berdasarkan kondisi tersebut, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji delimitasi batas ZEE antara Malaysia dan Thailand menggunakan metode pendekatan tiga tahap (three stage approach), serta menganalisis pengaruh hasil delimitasi terhadap penentuan lokasi trijunction point antara Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Thailand.

Metode pendekatan tiga tahap dilakukan melalui tiga tahapan utama, yaitu pembentukan garis batas sementara berdasarkan prinsip ekuidistan (equidistance line), modifikasi garis dengan mempertimbangkan keadaan relevan (relevant circumstances), dan pengujian disproporsionalitas untuk mengevaluasi keadilan hasil delimitasi. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan titik pangkal resmi yang dipublikasikan pada situs resmi Perserikatan Bangsa Bangsa dengan mempertimbangkan pengaruh beberapa pulau terluar, meliputi Pulau Perak dan Pulau Jarak milik Malaysia, serta Pulau Ko Racha Yai, Ko Adang, dan Ko Lipe milik Thailand. Berdasarkan variasi penggunaan garis pangkal dan perlakuan terhadap pulau-pulau terluar, kajian ini menghasilkan tiga opsi delimitasi batas ZEE.

Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa luas area tumpang tindih ZEE antara Malaysia dan Thailand berbeda pada setiap opsi delimitasi, yaitu sebesar 88.249,505 km² pada opsi I, 88.863,437 km² pada opsi II, dan 159.080,361 km² pada opsi III. Berdasarkan uji disproporsionalitas, opsi I dan opsi II dinilai memenuhi prinsip keadilan (equitable solution), sedangkan opsi III belum memenuhi prinsip keadilan akibat penggunaan Pulau Perak dan Jarak sebagai titik pangkal Malaysia menghasilkan proporsi wilayah maritim yang tidak seimbang. Selanjutnya, hasil delimitasi Malaysia-Thailand diintegrasikan dengan batas maritim Indonesia-Malaysia dan Indonesia-Thailand yang mengacu pada penelitian terdahulu untuk menentukan lokasi trijunction point. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa trijunction point pada opsi I terletak pada koordinat 5°28’22,73” N dan 98°51’30,82” E, sedangkan pada opsi II terletak pada koordinat 5°28’44,26” N dan 98°52’26,00” E. Perbedaan lokasi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa variasi delimitasi batas ZEE Malaysia-Thailand memengaruhi penentuan lokasi trijunction point antara Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Thailand. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa penyelesaian delimitasi antara Malaysia dan Thailand berimplikasi terhadap kepastian penentuan trijunction point yang melibatkan Indonesia.

The Strait of Malacca is a strategic maritime area located between Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Since the width of the strait is less than 400 nautical miles, the delimitation of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is required for states with opposite or adjacent coasts in accordance with the provisions of the UNCLOS 1982. To date, Malaysia and Thailand have not reached an agreement on their EEZ delimitation, giving rise to a potential overlap of EEZ claims between the two states. This unresolved delimitation not only affects the maritime boundary certainty between Malaysia and Thailand but also results in uncertainty regarding the location of the trijunction point among Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand as the meeting point of the three maritime boundaries. Based on this issue, this study aims to examine the EEZ delimitation between Malaysia and Thailand using the three stage approach and to analyze the influence of the delimitation results on the determination of the trijunction point among Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand.

The three stage approach was conducted through three main stages, the establishment of a provisional equidistance line, modification of the line by considering relevant circumstances, and a disproportionality testing to evaluate the fairness of the delimitation results. The analysis was carried out using official basepoints published on the United Nations website by considering several outer islands, including Perak Island and Jarak Island belonging to Malaysia, as well as Ko Racha Yai, Ko Adang, and Ko Lipe Islands belonging to Thailand. Based on variations in the selection of basepoints and the treatment of offshore islands, this study produced three EEZ delimitation options.

The results indicate that the overlapping EEZ area between Malaysia and Thailand differs under each delimitation option, amounting to 88,249.505 km² for option I, 88,863.437 km² for option II, and 159,080.361 km² for option III. Based on the disproportionality test, options I and II satisfy the principle of an equitable solution, whereas option III does not, because the use of Perak Island and Jarak Island as Malaysian basepoints results in a disproportionate allocation of maritime areas. The Malaysia-Thailand delimitation results were subsequently integrated with the Indonesia-Malaysia and Indonesia-Thailand maritime boundaries derived from previous studies to determine the location of the trijunction point. The analysis shows that the trijunction point under option I is located at 5°28’22.73” N, 98°51’30.82” E, while under option II it is located at 5°28’44.26” N, 98°52’26.00” E. These findings demonstrate that variations in the Malaysia-Thailand EEZ delimitation significantly influence the location of the trijunction point among Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Furthermore, the study indicates that the resolution of the Malaysia-Thailand EEZ delimitation has implications for the certainty of determining the trijunction point involving Indonesia.

Kata Kunci : Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Delimitasi Batas Maritim, Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif (ZEE), Pendekatan Tiga Tahap, Trijunction Point, Selat Malaka