DISTRIBUSI BANTENG JAWA (Bos javanicus) DAN FAKTOR BIOTIK DAN ABIOTIK YANG MEMPENGARUHINYA DI TAMAN NASIONAL BALURAN

Amirul Mu'min Hanif, Dr. drh. Subeno, M.Sc.

2026 | Skripsi | KEHUTANAN

     Banteng Jawa (Bos javanicus javanicus) merupakan satwa endemik yang tergolong sangat terancam punah (Critically Endangered) menurut IUCN. Populasinya saat ini mengalami penurunan karena kerusakan habitat, perburuan liar, aktivitas wisata dan pemangsaan oleh anjing liar (Cuon alpinus). Taman Nasional Baluran menjadi salah satu habitat penting bagi banteng. Degradasi Hutan dan tekanan ekologis menyebabkan terjadinya pergeseran sebaran banteng dari kawasan sabana ke area hutan evergreen. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui distibusi Banteng Jawa (B. j. javanicus) dan mengetahui faktor biotik serta abiotik yang mempengaruhi persebaran di kawasan Taman Nasional Baluran saat ini. 

     Penelitian ini dilakukan selama bulan Maret-April 2025 di area hutan evergreen dan sekitarnya dengan menggunakan metode line transect untuk mengetahui kehadiran banteng secara langsung dan tidak langsung. Data titk perjumpaan dicatat menggunakan aplikasi avenza dan dibuat peta spasial untuk mengetahui sebaran saat ini. Data habitat diperoleh melalui metode nested sampling dan protocol sampling. Faktor biotik yang diamati meliputi struktur dan komposisi vegetasi, tutupan tajuk, tumbuhan bawah, volume daun, kepadatan semak, dan jenis pakan. Sementara itu, faktor abiotik yang dianalisis mencakup suhu, kelembaban, ketinggian, kelerengan, jarak dari jalan, dan jarak dari sumber air. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif melalui tabulasi data dan menggunakan binary logistic regression untuk mengetahui faktor yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kehadiran banteng.

     Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa perjumpaan banteng lebih sering ditemukan sekitar area hutan evergreen dari pada di dalamnya, serta masih tersebar luas dengan titik perjumpaan berjarak sedang - jauh dari sumber air. Kondisi habitat di wilayah sebaran saat ini memiliki suhu rata-rata 32,5 C, kelembaban 69,76%, ketinggian 32,81 mdpl, kelerengan 4, jarak dari sumber air 235,78 meter, dan jarak dari jalan 322,08 meter. Vegetasi didominasi oleh jenis seperti Tamarindus indica, dan Schleichera oleosa. Jenis pakan yang sering di jumpai seperti Dichanthium caricosum, Rottboellia exaltata, dan Oplismenus burmani. Hasil uji binary logistic regression menunjukan terdapat faktor biotik dan abiotik yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kehadiran Banteng Jawa (B. j. javanicus) yaitu variabel jarak dari sumber air (JDSA), volume daun 30 (VD 30), dan jumlah jenis pakan. Penelitian ini diperlukan penelitian lanjutan pada musim kemarau agar distribusi Banteng Jawa(Bos javanicus javanicus) dan faktor habitat yang mempengaruhinya dapat lebih menggambarkan lebih akurat. 

Kata Kunci: Banteng Jawa, Sebaran, Habitat, Faktor Biotik, Faktor Abiotik, Hutan Evergreen, Binary Logistic Regression, Taman Nasional Baluran.

 The Javan Bull (Bos javanicus javanicus) is an endemic species classified as critically endangered by the IUCN. Its population is currently declining due to habitat destruction, poaching, tourism activities, and predation by dholes (Cuon alpinus). Baluran National Park is one of the important habitats for the Javan Bull. Forest degradation and ecological pressure have caused a shift in the distribution of bull from savanna areas to evergreen forest areas. This study was conducted to determine the distribution of the Javan Bull (B. j. javanicus) and to identify the biotic and abiotic factors influencing its distribution within Baluran National Park at present. 

     The study was conducted from March to April 2025 in the evergreen forest area and its surroundings using the line transect method to determine the presence of bull directly and indirectly. Encounter data were recorded using the Avenza app, and spatial maps were created to determine the current distribution. Habitat data were obtained through nested sampling and protocol sampling methods. Biotic factors observed included vegetation structure and composition, canopy cover, understory vegetation, leaf volume, shrub density, and forage types. Abiotic factors analyzed included temperature, humidity, elevation, slope, distance from roads, and distance from water sources. Data analysis was conducted descriptively through data tabulation and using binary logistic regression to identify factors significantly influencing the presence of Javan bull.

     The results of the study show that bull encounters are more frequently found around evergreen forest areas than within them and the distribution of Javan Bull (B. j. javanicus) as well as on terraced land and near water sources. The current habitat conditions in the distribution area have an average temperature of 32.5 C, humidity of 69.76%, elevation of 32.81 m above sea level, slope of 4%, distance from water sources of 235.78 meters, and distance from roads of 322.08 meters. The vegetation is dominated by species such as Tamarindus indica and Schleichera oleosa. Commonly found food sources include Dichanthium caricosum, Rottboellia exaltata, and Oplismenus burmani. The results of the binary logistic regression analysis indicate that there are significant biotic and abiotic factors influencing the presence of the Javan bull (Bos. j. javanicus), namely the distance from the water source (JDSA), leaf volume 30 (VD 30), and forage species. Further research is needed during the dry season to more accurately describe the distribution of the Javan Bull (Bos javanicus javanicus) and the habitat factors influencing it. 

Keywords: Java Bull, Distribution, Habitats, Biotic Factors, Abiotic Factors, Evergreen Forest, Binary Logistic Regression, Baluran National Park.

Kata Kunci : Banteng Jawa, Sebaran, Habitat, Faktor Biotik, Faktor Abiotik, Hutan Evergreen, Binary Logistic Regression, Taman Nasional Baluran.