Karakteristik Habitat dan Mangsa Potensial Macan Tutul Jawa (Panthera pardus melas) di Taman Nasional Alas Purwo

Radhitya Nandha Putra, Dr. drh. Subeno, M.Sc.

2026 | Skripsi | KEHUTANAN

Macan tutul jawa (Panthera pardus melas) merupakan satwa endemik Pulau Jawa yang saat ini berstatus Critically Endangered sehingga memerlukan upaya konservasi yang tepat dan berkelanjutan. Keberlangsungan hidup spesies ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh kondisi habitat yang sesuai serta ketersediaan satwa mangsa di alam. Informasi mengenai karakteristik habitat dan mangsa potensial menjadi penting sebagai dasar dalam mendukung pengelolaan dan konservasi macan tutul jawa. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik habitat serta mengidentifikasi jenis dan sebaran mangsa potensial macan tutul jawa di Resort Grajagan, Taman Nasional Alas Purwo.

Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret hingga April 2026 menggunakan metode nested sampling dan protocol sampling untuk pengambilan data habitat, serta metode line transect untuk identifikasi satwa mangsa. Data yang diamati meliputi struktur vegetasi, kepadatan semak, tutupan tajuk, tutupan tumbuhan bawah, suhu, kelembapan, kelerengan, ketinggian, jarak dari sumber air, dan keberadaan satwa mangsa. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dan kuantitatif untuk mengetahui karakteristik habitat, jenis dan persebaran mangsa potensial macan tutul jawa. Perbedaan habitat use dan availability di analisis menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney U. 

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Resort Grajagan terdiri atas tiga tipe hutan, yaitu hutan tanaman, hutan pantai, dan hutan mangrove dengan 38 jenis vegetasi yang didominasi mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni). Kawasan ini memiliki rerata kepadatan semak sebesar 1118,7 ind/ha, tutupan tajuk sebesar 72,4%, tutupan tumbuhan bawah sebesar 55,2%, suhu sebesar 29,9°C, kelembapan sebesar 83%, kelerengan sebesar 7,3%, ketinggian sebesar 18,4 mdpl, dan jarak dari sumber air sebesar 686,6 m. Macan tutul jawa pada kawasan ini memanfaatkan dua tipe hutan yaitu hutan tanaman dan hutan pantai. Hal ini ditandai dengan ditemukannya tanda kehadiran macan tutul jawa berupa jejak, cakaran, dan belulang mangsa pada dua tipe hutan tersebut. Perbedaan antara habitat use dan habitat availability hanya ditemukan pada variabel kepadatan semak, dengan habitat use memiliki kepadatan semak yang secara signifikan lebih tinggi dibandingkan habitat availability. Selain itu, ditemukan 11 jenis mangsa potensial yang terdiri dari monyet ekor panjang, lutung budeng, babi hutan, kijang, rusa jawa, banteng, merak hijau, bajing, ayam hutan hijau, biawak, dan jelarang jawa yang terbagi menjadi mangsa utama potensial dan mangsa sekunder potensial. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, Resort Grajagan memiliki karakteristik habitat dan ketersediaan mangsa yang mendukung keberlangsungan hidup macan tutul jawa.

The Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas) is an endemic species of Java Island that is currently classified as Critically Endangered, thereby requiring appropriate and sustainable conservation efforts. The survival of this species is strongly influenced by suitable habitat conditions and the availability of prey species in the wild. Information regarding habitat characteristics and potential prey is essential to support the management and conservation of the Javan leopard. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze habitat characteristics and identify the types and distribution of potential prey of the Javan leopard in Grajagan Resort, Alas Purwo National Park.

The study was conducted from March to April 2026 using nested sampling and protocol sampling methods for habitat data collection, while the line transect method was used to identify prey species. The observed variables included vegetation structure, shrub density, canopy cover, understory cover, temperature, humidity, slope, elevation, distance from water sources, and the presence of prey species. The data were analyzed descriptively and quantitatively to determine habitat characteristics, as well as the types and distribution of potential prey of the Javan leopard. Differences between habitat use and availability were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test.

The results of the study showed that Resort Grajagan consists of three forest types, namely plantation forest, coastal forest, and mangrove forest, comprising 38 vegetation species dominated by mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni). The area exhibited an average shrub density of 1,118.7 individuals/ha, canopy cover of 72.4%, understory vegetation cover of 55.2%, temperature of 29.9°C, humidity of 83%, slope of 7.3%, elevation of 18.4 m above sea level, and distance from water sources of 686.6 m. The Javan leopard in this area utilized two forest types, namely plantation forest and coastal forest. This was indicated by the presence of signs of Javan leopard activity, including footprints, scratch marks, and prey remains found within these two forest types. Differences between habitat use and habitat availability were found only in shrub density, with habitat use exhibiting significantly higher shrub density than habitat availability. In addition, 11 potential prey species were identified, consisting of long-tailed macaque, ebony langur, wild boar, barking deer, javan deer, javan cattle, green peafowl, squirrel, green junglefowl, monitor lizard, and javan giant squirrel, which were categorized into potential primary prey and potential secondary prey. Based on the findings, Resort Grajagan possesses habitat characteristics and prey availability that support the survival of the Javan leopard.

Kata Kunci : Macan tutul jawa, habitat, mangsa potensial, Taman Nasional Alas Purwo, Resort Grajagan