Keadilan Lingkungan dalam Industri Hilirisasi Nikel: Melihat Kerentanan Masyarakat Lingkar Industri Nikel di Kecamatan Bahodopi, Morowali

Haykal Dzaki Prawira, Alfath Bagus Panuntun El Nur Indonesia, S.I.P., M.A.

2026 | Skripsi | ILMU PEMERINTAHAN

Penelitian ini mengkaji persoalan keadilan lingkungan dalam industri hilirisasi nikel, dengan melihat bagaimana kerentanan sosial, ekologis, dan ekonomis direproduksi di kalangan masyarakat lingkar industri nikel di Kecamatan Bahodopi, Kabupaten Morowali. Penelitian ini berangkat dari fenomena paradoks transisi energi global, di mana industrialisasi nikel yang dipromosikan sebagai bagian dari upaya dekarbonisasi dan penyediaan bahan baku baterai kendaraan listrik justru menggeser eksternalitas negatif berupa kerusakan ekologis dan kerentanan sosial ke wilayah hulu produksi nikel. Integrasi Indonesia ke dalam rantai pasok global dalam konteks ini menempatkan wilayah hulu, khususnya Bahodopi, pada posisi subordinat yang padat risiko lingkungan demi menyokong kebutuhan pasar internasional dan domestik. Fenomena tersebut dianalisis dengan mengintegrasikan kerangka Environmental Justice dari David Schlosberg dan Environmental Load Displacement dari Jennifer E. Givens serta Xiangming Huang, untuk menyingkap bagaimana distribusi dampak, pengakuan, dan partisipasi masyarakat lokal terbentuk di tengah perpindahan beban ekologis lintas wilayah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus kritis (critical case study) di Kecamatan Bahodopi, sebagai episentrum industri nikel terintegrasi di Indonesia. Data dikumpulkan melalui triangulasi, meliputi wawancara mendalam terhadap 12 informan dari berbagai latar belakang (perangkat desa, aktivis lingkungan, warga, dan perwakilan perempuan terdampak) serta kajian dokumen strategis nasional dan daerah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa industri hilirisasi nikel mereproduksi kerentanan masyarakat lingkar industri melalui empat mekanisme utama. Pertama, ketimpangan distribusi, di mana manfaat ekonomi terkonsentrasi pada elite dan aktor transnasional, sementara beban kesehatan dan kerusakan lingkungan dipikul oleh masyarakat akar rumput. Kedua, ketidakadilan pengakuan terhadap ruang hidup, identitas kultural, dan kerentanan gender perempuan lokal. Ketiga, marginalisasi partisipasi publik akibat proses pengambilan keputusan yang top-down dan sentralistik dalam skema Proyek Strategis Nasional (PSN). Keempat, tergerusnya kapabilitas dasar komunitas lokal akibat hilangnya ruang otonom penghidupan agraris dan maritim. Secara makro, penelitian ini mengonfirmasi adanya pola perpindahan beban lingkungan lintas spasial, di mana keberlanjutan hijau di pusat konsumsi global dan urban dibangun di atas ketidakadilan lingkungan dan kerentanan yang dialami masyarakat lokal.

This research examines the issue of environmental justice within the nickel downstream industry, by looking at how social, ecological, and economic vulnerabilities are reproduced among communities surrounding the nickel industrial area in Bahodopi District, Morowali Regency. This research departs from the paradox of the global energy transition, in which nickel industrialization has been promoted as part of decarbonization efforts and the supply of raw materials for electric vehicle batteries, instead shifts negative externalities in the form of ecological damage and social vulnerability to upstream nickel-producing regions. Indonesia's integration into the global supply chain, in this context, places upstream regions, particularly Bahodopi, in a subordinate position laden with environmental risk in order to sustain international and domestic market demand. This phenomenon is analyzed by integrating the framework of Environmental Justice developed by David Schlosberg with the concept of Environmental Load Displacement developed by Jennifer E. Givens and Xiangming Huang, in order to reveal how the distribution of impacts, recognition, and participation of local communities are shaped amid the cross-regional displacement of ecological burdens. This research employs a qualitative approach using a critical case study method in Bahodopi District, as the epicenter of Indonesia's integrated nickel industry. Data were collected through triangulation, including in-depth interviews with 12 informants from various backgrounds (village officials, environmental activists, residents, and representatives of affected women), as well as a review of national and regional strategic documents. The findings indicate that the nickel downstream industry reproduces the vulnerability of surrounding communities through four main mechanisms. First, distributive inequality, in which economic benefits are concentrated among elites and transnational actors, while the burden of health impacts and environmental damage is borne by grassroots communities. Second, injustice of recognition regarding living space, cultural identity, and the gendered vulnerability of local women. Third, the marginalization of substantive public participation due to a top-down and centralized decision-making process under the National Strategic Project (PSN) scheme. Fourth, the erosion of local communities' basic capabilities due to the loss of autonomous space for agrarian and maritime livelihoods. At a macro level, this research confirms a pattern of cross-spatial environmental load displacement, in which green sustainability at global and urban consumption centers is built upon environmental injustice and the vulnerability experienced by local communities.

Kata Kunci : Keadilan Lingkungan, Hilirisasi Nikel, Kerentanan Masyarakat, Environmental Load Displacement, Bahodopi.