Fraksinasi, analisa kimia dan pengujian biopreservatif asap cair Cangkang Sawit terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri

HALIM, Muhamad, Dr.Ir. Purnama Darmadji, M.Sc

2005 | Tesis | S2 Teknologi Hasil Perkebunan

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang fraksinasi, analisa kimia dan pengujian biopreservatif asap cair cangkang sawit terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari komposisi kimia asap cair cangkang sawit sebelum dan sesudah fraksinasi serta mengevaluasi sifat antimikrobianya terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri patogen dan pembusuk. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam tiga tahapan yaitu (1) Pembuatan asap cair dengan pirolisa suhu 400 0C selama 90 menit dan fraksinasi asap cair secara bertingkat ; F1= 100 0C; F2 = 101-125 0C; F3 = 126-150 0C; F4 = 151–175 0C; F5 = 176-200 0C. (2) Analisa proksimat asap cair (fenol, karbonil, asam dan pH) dan pengujian aktivitas antibakteri pada Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis dan Pseudomanas fluorescens dengan pengeceran 0x, 10x, 25x dan 50x (3) Analisa komponen aktif asap cair dan hasil fraksinasi terpilih dengan GC-MS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pirolisa cangkang sawit pada suhu 400 0C menghasilkan asap cair 39,2 % , arang 41 %, tar 7 % dan gas 12,8 %. Rendemen fraksi asap cair paling tinggi pada F2 yaitu 82,3 %. Kandungan fenol, karbonil, asam dan pH asap cair kasar 3,86 %, 12,48 %, 12,41 % dan 3,29. Kandungan fenol dan asam makin meningkat dengan suhu fraksinasi yang makin tinggi sedang kandungan karbonil makin berkurang dengan suhu fraksinasi tinggi. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri asap cair pada empat kultur bakteri pada kondisi asam menunjukkan penghambatan dari terbesar sampai terkecil secara berurutan F5, F0, F4, F3, F2 dan F1, sedang pada pH 6 penghambatan dari terbesar sampai terkecil secara berurutan F0, F5, F2, F4, F3 dan F1. Aktivitas biopreservatif asap cair terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Pseudomanas fluorescens dengan populasi awal 106 CFU/mL terjadi pada konsentrasi 0,6 %, sedangkan untuk Escherichia coli dan Bacillus subtilis pada konsentrasi 0,8 %. Pengujian GC-MS menunjukkan dalam asap cair kasar terdeteksi 14 komponen aktif, sedang pada fraksi F2 terdeteksi 9 komponen aktif yang terdiri: 1 jenis asam, 2 jenis karbonil dan 6 jenis fenol. Komponen aktif tersebut antara lain: fenol, asam asetat, 2-metoksifenol, 2,6-dimetoksifenol, 2-metoksi 4-metil fenol, 2- furan karboksaldehid, 1,2-benzenediol, 2-metil fenol, 4-etil 2-metoksifenol, 1,2,4- trimetoksifenol, 3-metoksi 1,2-benzenediol, 3-metil 1,2- siklopentanedion, 1,2,3- trimetoksi 5-metil benzen dan 2,3-pentanedion.

The research on fractionation, chemical analysis and test biopreservative of palm kernel shell liquid smoke on bacteria growth has been studied. The purposes of this research were to study chemical composition of palm kernel shell liquid smoke before and after fractionation and evaluation of antimicrobial characteristic to pathogen and spoilage bacteria growth. The step of this research included : (1) production of liquid smoke by pirolisa at 400 0C for 90 minutes and gradual fractionation of liquid smoke, F1= 100 0C; F2 = 101-125 0C; F3 = 126-150 0C; F4 = 151–175 0C; F5 = 176-200 0C. (2) Analysis of liquid smoke proximate (phenol, carbonyl, acid and pH) and test of antibacteria activity on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis dan Pseudomanas fluorescens by diluting 0x, 10x, 25x and 50x. (3) Analysis of active component of liquid smoke and result of selected fractionation by GC-MS. The result of research indicated that the pirolisa of palm kernel shell at 400 0C produced 39,2 % liquid smoke, 41 % charcoal, 7 % tar and 12,8 % gases. Fraction rendemen of liquid smoke was highest at F2 82,3 %. The content of phenol, carbonyl, acid and pH of coarse liquid smoke as much as 3,86 %, 12,48 %, 12,41 % and 3,29. The content of phenol and acid more increased at higher fractionation temperature, while the content of carbonyl was lower at high fractionation temperature. The test of antibacteria activity of liquid smoke in 4 cultures of bacteria on acid condition indicated that resistances from the highest to lowest were F5, F0, F4, F3, F2 and F1respectively, while at pH 6 the resistances from highest to lowest were F0, F5, F2, F4, F3 and F1 respectively. Biopreservative activity of liquid smoke on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomanas fluorescens with early population of 106 CFU/mL was 0,6 % concentration, while for Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis was 0,8 % cocentration. The test of GC-MS indicated that in coarse liquid smoke were detected 14 active component, while in fraction F2 were detected 9 active component consisting of 1 type of acid, 2 types of carbonyl and 6 types of phenol. Some of them were phenol, acetic acid, 2-methoxy phenol, 2,6- dimethoxy phenol, 2-methoxy 4-methyl phenol, 2-furan carboxaldehyde, 1,2- benzenediol, 2-methyl phenol, 4-ethyl 2-methoxy phenol, 1,2,4-trimethoxy phenol, 3-methoxy 1,2-benzenediol, 3-methyl 1,2-cyclopentanedione, 1,2,3- trimethoxy 5- methyl benzene dan 2,3-penthanedione.

Kata Kunci : Teknologi Hasil Perkebunan,Biopreservatif,Cangkang Sawit,Bakteri, Fractionation, biopreservative, liquid smoke, palm kernel shell, bacteria.