Partisipasi organisasi lokal dalam Program Pengentasan Kemiskinan Masyarakat Desa :: Studi kasus di Desa Ngunut Kecamatan Playen Kabupaten Gunungkidul
WIDAGDO, Drs. Sutaryo, M.Si
2005 | Tesis | S2 SosiologiStrategi pembangunan nasional yang menekankan pada konsep pertumbuhan ekonomi, dengan harapan akan terjadi efek menyebar dan efek tetesan ke bawah ternyata tidak terbukti. Kesenjangan sosial dan ketidakmerataan pembangunan justru semakin terlihat nyata. Kebijakan pembangunan yang bias perkotaan makin melemahkan masyarakat desa. Akibatnya antara lain terjadinya permasalahan kemiskinan masyarakat khususnya di pedesaan. Meskipun berbagai upaya pemecahan masalah kemiskinan telah dilakukan, namun sampai saat in i masalah kemiskinan belum dapat dipecahkan. Hal ini berarti programprogram yang dilaksanakan belum efektif, sehingga perlu dikaji apakah kebijakan itu ada yang tidak tepat. Pendekatan terpusat dan sentralistis mungkin menjadi salah satu jawaban. Sebab program yang dilaksanakan belum melibatkan partisipasi masyarakat secara optimal. Hal ini juga terjadi di Desa Ngunut, karena masyarakat dan organisasi lokal di desa selama ini hanya sekedar melaksanakan kebijakan dan belum terlibat aktif dalam penyusunan kebijakan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui mengetahui perkembangan organisasi lokal dan partisipasinya dalam program pengentasan kemiskinan masyarakat di Desa Ngunut. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian dekriptif kualitatif. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pengamatan, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Pemilihan informan dengan sistem purposive dan bola salju. Sedangkan yang menjadi obyek penelitian antara lain Camat, Kepala Cabang Dinas Kependudukan, Lurah Desa, Staf Kecamatan, Pengurus Organisasi Lokal, Tokoh Masyarakat, dan warga sasaran program pengentasan kemsikinan.. Hasil penelitian ini antara lain : 1) berbagai program pengentasan kemiskinan telah dilaksanakan, namun sampai saat ini belum mampu memecahkan permasalahan kemiskinan; 2) ada dua jenis program pengentasan kemiskinan yang dilaksanakan, yaitu program jangka pendek untuk mengatasi berbagai parameter kemiskinan, sedangkan program jangka panjang ditujukan untuk memperkuat kapasitas ekonomi dan sumber daya masyarakat miskin. 3) aktivitas organisasi lokal di desa cukup bersinggungan dengan program pengentasan kemiskinan, namun peran dan keterlibatannya terkait erat dengan tugas dan fungsi masingmasing organisasi lokal. 4) Partisipasi organisasi lokal dalam program pengentasan kemiskinan masih minim, meskipun peluang yang ada cukup terbuka. 5) Komitmen Pemerintah Desa dan Organisasi lokal di desa dalam program pengentasan kemiskinan belum optimal, buktinya belum adanya Peraturan desa yang khusus ditujukan mendukung program. Selain itu alokasi APBDesa untuk mendukung program itu juga sangat minim. Namun hal itu disebabkan faktor : rendahnya kemampuan keuangan Pemerintah Desa, penanganan program pengentasan kemiskinan masih terpusat dan masih minimnya komitmen Pemerin tah Desa dan organisasi lokal. Rekomendasi yang ditawarkan yaitu : 1) Pemerintah harus lebih melibatkan masyarakat dan organisasi lokal dalam proses pengambilan kebijakan pengentasan kemiskinan, 2) perlunya pemberdayaan organisasi lokal di desa dan diposis ikan lebih baik, 4) perlunya penguatan kemampuan keuangan desa agar mampu mengatasi permasalahan yang belum tersentuh pemerintah, 5) konsep pemberian bantuan kepada desa bisa mengacu pemberian DAU dari Pemerintah Pusat kepada pemerintah daerah. 6) Perlunya menerapkan prinsip subsidiarity secara lebih arif, agar permasalahan yang bisa diselesaikan di bawah tidak perlu ditangani Pemerintah yang lebih atas.
National constructive strategy emphasizing at the economic growth concept with hope that there would he spreading effect and drip effect beneath was apparently not proved. Social gaps and construction imbalance really came in reality. The construction policy detlecting the towns was weaker the village societies. As a result., there was a loi of poorness in the village societies. Although various kinds of efforts to solve the poorness problems had been implemented, however, recently the problem had not solved. It meant that the programs conducted had not beer) effective so that they needed to review whether there was any inappropnate policy. The centralization and centered approach might be become one of the answers because the programs implemented had not participated societies maximally. Such situation also happened in Ngunut village because its societies and local organization recently only applied the policy and they had not actively involved in the policy arrangement. The aim ol this research was to know the development of local organization and its participation in the program of raising the societies from poorness in Ngunut village. The research method used was qualitative descriptive research in naturc The data collection method was conducted through observation, interview, and documentation. [he informant choice was conducted through purposive system and snowball. Whether the research object included sub district head, the head of population department branch. the head of the village, sub district staffs, the board of local organization, society figures, and the target societies of poorness raising program. The results of the research were: I) various kinds of poorness raising programs had been conducted. however, recently vc had not been able to solve the poorness problem; 2) there were two kinds of’ poorness raising programs implemented. they were short range program to contend several poorness parameters. whether the long range program was aimed to strength the economic capacity and society resources of the poorness ones; 3) the local organization activities in this village quite related with the poorness raising program, however, the role and involvement closely related with the assignment and function of each local organization; 4) the local organization participation in the poorness raising program was mjnim, although the chance was quite opened; 5) the village governance commitment and local organization in the village in the poorness raising program had not been optimal with a prove thai there had not been an village rules especially aimed to support the program. Resides, the budget (API3I)) allocation supporting the program was really minim. However, ii was caused by several factors: the low of village governance financial ability, the poorness raising program management was still centered, and the minimum village governance commitment as well as the local organization. The recommendations offered were I) the government should more involve the societies and local orgarnzation in the process of taking the poorness raising policy. 2) the need of local organiiation efficiency in the village and better posited. 4) the need of’ the village tinancial ability strength so that it was capable of solving the problems had not been touched by the government. S) the help giving concept to the village could point al the [)AL giving from the center government to the local government. 6) the need to apply the subsidiar principle wisely so that the problems could be solved beneath and need not to solve by the upper goernrnent.
Kata Kunci : Kesejahteraan Sosial,Kemiskinan,Partisipasi Organisasi Lokal, participation. local organization, and poorness
