Potensi Ekstrak Daun Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C.Wendl., 1808 dan Daun Allamanda cathartica L., 1771 sebagai Antibisa Trimeresurus insularis Kramer, 1977: Analisis In Vitro dan Molecular Docking

Jagad Wenang Suryoaji, Dr. Tri Rini Nuringtyas, M.Sc.

2026 | Skripsi | BIOLOGI

Trimeresurus insularis sering menyebabkan kasus patukan ular yang fatal di Indonesia, namun akses terhadap antibisa komersial cenderung terbatas. Studi etnobotani telah melaporkan pemanfaatan daun bambu ampel (Bambusa vulgaris) dan daun alamanda (Allamanda cathartica) untuk mengobati patukan ular. Efektivitas daun bambu ampel dan daun alamanda sebagai inhibitor bisa T. insularis belum pernah dievaluasi melalui uji eksperimental. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis aktivitas ekstrak daun bambu ampel dan daun alamanda dalam menghambat aktivitas enzim proteolitik, fibrinogenolitik, dan fosfolipase A2 (PLA2) bisa T. insularis. Penelitian bertujuan pula untuk menganalisis potensi komponen bioaktif di dalam kedua ekstrak daun sebagai antibisa T. insularis in silico. Analisis in vitro meliputi ekstraksi, fraksinasi, uji proteolitik, uji fibrinogenolitik, dan uji inhibisi PLA2. Analisis in vitro diikuti oleh profiling fitokimia dengan LC-HRMS dan molecular docking antara senyawa antibisa terpilih dengan enzim bisa ular. Fraksi non-polar daun bambu ampel efektif dalam menghambat aktivitas enzim proteolitik, fibrinogenolitik, dan PLA2 bisa T. insularis. Fraksi non-polar daun bambu ampel didominasi oleh senyawa fenolik. Monopalmitin, 4-Coumaric acid, dan asam trans-3-indolakrilik adalah senyawa antibisa ular yang memenuhi persyaratan sebagai obat dan ADMET. Molecular docking memperlihatkan inhibisi enzim proteolitik oleh 4-coumaric acid serta inhibisi enzim PLA2 oleh asam trans-3-indolakrilik.

Trimeresurus insularis frequently causes fatal snake envenomation cases in Indonesia, but access to commercial antivenom tends to be limited. Ethnobotanical studies have been reported the usage of bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) and allamanda (Allamanda cathartica) leaves for snake envenomation treatment. The effectivity of bamboo and allamanda leaves as T. Insularis venom inhibitor has not been evaluated through experimental research. This research aimed to analyze the activity of bamboo and allamanda leaf extracts in inhibiting proteolytic, fibrinogenolytic, and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activities of T. insularis venom. This research also aimed to analyze the potential of bioactive compounds in both extracts as T. insularis antivenom in silico. In vitro analysis includes extraction, fractionation, proteolytic, fibrinogenolytic, and PLA2 inhibition assays. In vitro analysis was followed with phytochemicals profiling using LC-HRMS and molecular docking between selected antivenom compounds with venom enzymes. Bamboo leaf non-polar fraction is effective in inhibiting proteolytic, fibrinogenolytic, and PLA2 activities of T. insularis venom. Bamboo leaf non-polar fraction was dominated by phenolic compounds. Monopalmitin, 4-coumaric acid, and trans-3-indoleacrylic acid were antivenom compounds which met the drug-likeness and ADMET requirements. Molecular docking showed proteolytic enzyme inhibition by 4-coumaric acid and PLA2 enzyme inhibition by trans-3-indoleacrylic acid.

Kata Kunci : Bambusa vulgaris, fibrinogenolitik, fraksi non-polar, PLA2, Trimeresurus insularis