Resistensi Antibiotik pada Bakteri yang Diisolasi dari Kolam Budi Daya Lele (Clarias Sp.) di Klaten dan Boyolali

Unggul Irakastuti, Prof. Dr. Ir. Murwantoko, M.Si.

2026 | Skripsi | BUDIDAYA PERIKANAN

Penyakit bakterial menjadi salah satu kendala yang masih banyak dihadapi oleh pembudidaya ikan lele. Antibiotik menjadi pilihan yang paling sering diberikan oleh pembudidaya dalam menangani penyakit bakterial. Namun pemberian antibiotik yang tidak terkendali justru menimbulkan masalah baru yakni resistensi antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola resistensi dan keberadaan gen resistensi bakteri yang diisolasi dari kolam budi daya lele di wilayah Kabupaten Klaten dan Boyolali. Sebanyak 24 isolat bakteri yang diisolasi dari ginjal ikan lele dan air kolam budi daya diuji sensitivitas terhadap 8 jenis antibiotik. Isolat yang memiliki sifat multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR >0.2) dilanjut dengan uji MIC dan MBC untuk mengetahui dosis antibiotik terendah dalam menghambat dan membunuh bakteri, serta deteksi gen resistensi menggunakan primer gen sul1, mphA, tetA, dan qnrS. Hasil uji  menunjukkan bahwa indeks MAR berada pada rentang 0.00 - 0.75 dengan 5 isolat multiple resistance. Dosis MIC dan MBC tertinggi didominasi oleh antibiotik jenis sulfadiazine dengan rentang 15.62-62.25 µg/ml dan 250->250 µg/ml, sedangkan yang terendah yakni ciprofloxacin dan enrofloxacin dengan rentang 0.0024-0.0195 µg/ml dan 0.005-0.078 µg/ml. Hasil uji gen resistensi menunjukkan kelima isolat positif terdeteksi gen sul1, untuk gen mphA dan qnrS hanya satu isolat yang terdeteksi, sedangkan gen tetA tidak terdeteksi pada seluruh isolat yang diuji. Dari hasil identifikasi diketahui bahwa 5 isolat multiple resistance tersebut yakni Aeromonas veronii, Pseudomonas sp. (2 isolat), Klebsiella variicola, Serratia marcescens. Penelitian ini Aeromonas veronii, Pseudomonas sp. (2 isolat), Klebsiella variicola, Serratia marcescens.pada beberapa isolat yang diisolasi dari lingkungan akuakultur. Oleh karena itu, penggunaan antibiotik perlu dipantau dan dikelola secara bijaksana.

Bacterial diseases remain one of the major challenges encountered in catfish aquaculture. Antibiotics are the most commonly used treatment by fish farmers to control bacterial infections. However, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics has contributed to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns and the presence of resistance genes in bacterial isolates obtained from catfish culture ponds in Klaten and Boyolali Regencies. A total of 24 bacterial isolates recovered from catfish kidneys and pond water were tested for susceptibility to eight antibiotics. Isolates with a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index greater than 0.2 were further subjected to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays to determine the lowest antibiotic concentrations required to inhibit and kill bacterial growth, respectively. Resistance genes were detected using primers targeting the sul1, mphA, tetA, and qnrS genes. The results showed that the MAR index ranged from 0.00 to 0.75, with five isolates classified as multiple antibiotic-resistant. The highest MIC and MBC values were observed for sulfadiazine, ranging from 15.62–62.5 µg/mL and 250–>250 µg/mL, respectively, whereas the lowest values were obtained for ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, ranging from 0.0024–0.0195 µg/mL and 0.005–0.078 µg/mL, respectively. Resistance gene analysis revealed that all five isolates carried the sul1 gene, while the mphA and qnrS genes were each detected in only one isolate. The tetA gene was not detected in any of the tested isolates. Identification results showed that the five multiple antibiotic-resistant isolates consisted of Aeromonas veronii, Pseudomonas sp. (two isolates), Klebsiella variicola, and Serratia marcescens. These findings demonstrate the presence of diverse antibiotic resistance patterns and resistance genes among bacterial isolates recovered from aquaculture environments. Therefore, prudent antibiotic use and continuous surveillance are essential to minimize the spread of antibiotic resistance in aquaculture.

Kata Kunci : Resistensi antibiotik, Multiple Antibiotic Resistant (MAR), patogen oportunistik, gen resistensi, ikan lele