Gelar-gelar Penghulu di Minangkabau :: Suatu Kajian Semantik

NOVERITA, Diah, Prof.Dr. I Dewa Putu Wijana, SU.,MA

2005 | Tesis | S2 Linguistik

Tesis ini mengkaji gelar-gelar penghulu di Minangkabau. Tujuannya untuk memerikan bentuk lingual gelar-gelar penghulu di Minangkabau, menjelaskan makna leksikal, relasi makna, dan menguraikan komponen maknanya. Tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan berdasarkan tiga tahap metodologis. Tahap pertama, metode penyediaan data, digunakan metode simak dan metode cakap dengan teknik simak libat cakap, teknik simak bebas libat cakap, dan teknik sadap. Tahap kedua, metode analisis data, digunakan metode padan dan metode distribusioanal (agih) diikuti oleh beberapa teknik, seperti teknik pilah unsur penentu (PUP) dan teknik bagi unsur langsung (BUL). Tahap ketiga, metode penyajian hasil analisis data, memakai metode formal dan informal, artinya melalui rumusan kata-kata dan memakai lambang, bagan, dan tabel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tiga (3) hal: Pertama, gelar-gelar penghulu di Minangkabau memiliki variasi bentuk dan makna. Gelar-gelar penghulu di Minangkabau berasal dari bMk, bAr, bAK, bSkt, bJw, bBtw, dan bMdr. Karakteristik perubahan bunyi gelar-gelar penghulu di Minangkabau: (1) Membedakan makna dasar, (2) Tidak mengubah makna dasar, (3) Menunjukkan keterangan tempat dan jarak, (4) Menunjukkan unsur kesangatan, dan (5) Ketidak teraturan makna. Kedua, secara semantik penamaan dan pemaknaan gelar-gelar penghulu di Minangkabau bersifat natural yang berpedoman kepada unsur-unsur alam. Hal ini sesuai dengan falsafah hidup orang Minangkabau “Alam Takambang Jadi Guru”. Pemaknaan gelar-gelar penghulu di Minangkabau melalui definisi makna. Definisi makna dilakukan berdasarkan kamus bahasa Minangkabau dan kamus bahasa-bahasa lain. Makna seutuhnya dari sesuatu leksikon dapat dipahami, jika leksikon itu ditempatkan di dalam konteks budaya pada zaman kata itu hidup. Ketiga, berdasarkan komponen makna memunculkan empat macam reaksi semantik: (1) reaksi semantik positif (+), menandai adanya komponen makna tertentu, artinya komponen itu relevan atau berfungsi membentuk makna leksikal; (2) reaksi semantik negatif (-), menandai ketidak adaan komponen makna tertentu, artinya komponen itu tidak relevan atau tidak berfungsi membentuk makna leksikal; (3) reaksi semantik positif negarif (+/-), menandai kemungkinan ya/tidak adanya komponen makna tertentu, artinya komponen itu releva n atau tidak relevan membentuk makna leksikal; (4) reaksi semantik netral (0), menandai kenetralan komponen makna tertentu, artinya komponen makna itu tidak berpengaruh pada tataran makna. Komponen makna yang dominan: +RAJO berjumlah empat puluh dua (42) variasi. Selain itu, analisis komponeen makna menjelaskan beberapa dimensi, contohnya: pelaku, usia, individu, status, jenis kelamin, urutan kelahiran, kekerabatan, agama, wilayah budaya, etnis, lokasi, jabatan, tuturan, bahasa, sifat, benda, warna, badan, fisik, kualitas, kuantitas, air, mitos, ukuran, besar, rangking, gerak, aktivitas fisik, tujuan, organisasi, ekspresi, tumbuhan, hewan, situasi, kebutuhan, cairan, bangunan, budaya, suku, islam, nama, pencak silat, zat, intensitas, dan unsur alam.

This research is aimed to describe the meaning of leader titles in Minangkabau. The meaning is elaborated based on lingual forms, lexical meaning, relation of meaning, and componential meaning analysis of the leader titles in Minangkabau This research is based on three methodological stages. First, is providing in techniques research applies observation method with active participation and not participation techniques, and record techniques. Second, to analyze data, the researcher used the similarity and distributional method which is followed by some techniques, such as, separated important insure and direct division unsure technique. Third, to present the analysis, the writer uses formal and informal method which means that either verbal formula or symbols, and signs are respectively presented tree diagram, table, and photograph. This research shows three important features. First, the leader titles in Minangkabau has variation form and meaning. The leader titles in Minangkabau derives from Minangkabau language. It also derives from Arabic language, ancient Austronesian language, Sanskrit language, Java language, Betawi language, and Madura language. Some characteristics of sound change of the leader titles in Minangkabau are: (1) differentiating basic meaning; (2) not changing basic meaning, (3) showing place and distance, (4) showing element of adjective, and (5) irregular meaning, Second, the naming and meaning of the leader titles in Minangkabau semantically characterizes natural which is based on elements of nature. It appropriate to the philosophy of live Minangkabau people: “Alam Takambang Jadi Guru”. The meaning of the leader titles in Minangkabau is done through definition of meaning that is based on dictionary of Minangkabau language and other languages. Whole meaning from lexicon can be understood if the lexicon is placed in cultural context at the period of words alive. Third, based on componential of meaning appears four kinds of semantic reactions: (1) positive semantic reaction (+) signs the presence of certain meaning, means that the component is relevant or it functions to form lexical meaning; (2) negative semantic reaction (-) signs the unpresence of certain meaning, means that the component is not relevant or it does not function to form Lexical meaning, (3) positive/negative semantic reaction (+/-) signs the possibility of the presence/unpresence, means that the component is relevant or not relevant or it functions or does not function to form lexical meaning; (4) neutral semantic reaction (0) signs the neutrality of certain meaning, means that the component of meaning does not influence in the level of meaning. The dominant component of meaning: ±RAJO which has 42 variations. Besides that, componential analysis of meaning to describe some dimensions i.e.: subject, age, person, status, male, position of birth, family, religion, cultural setting, ethnic, location, position, speech, language, character, noun, color, anatomy, physic, quality, quantity, water, myth, size, big, ranking, movement, sport, goal, organization, expression, flora, fauna, situation, need, liquid, metal, building, cultural, clan, Moslem, name, traditional self-defense, essence, intensity, element of nature.

Kata Kunci : Linguistik,Semantik Leksikal,Gelar Penghulu,Minangkabau