Evaluasi Risiko Keamanan Konsumsi Susu Kambing Segar Berdasarkan Tingkat Cemaran Bakteri dan Deteksi Escherichia coli O157:H7 pada Peternakan di Sleman

Sabrinna Mifthania, drh. Dyah Ayu Widiasih, Ph. D.

2026 | Skripsi | KEDOKTERAN HEWAN

Susu kambing Sapera memiliki nilai gizi tinggi, namun rentan terhadap kontaminasi bakteri seperti Escherichia coli yang mengindikasikan higiene yang buruk, termasuk strain patogen E. coli O157:H7 penyebab penyakit serius pada manusia. Penelitian di Sleman masih menunjukkan hasil yang kontradiktif mengenai keberadaan patogen ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi risiko keamanan susu kambing segar berdasarkan tingkat cemaran E. coli dan deteksi E. coli O157:H7 pada peternakan di Sleman. Penelitian dilakukan secara observasional laboratorik dengan pendekatan cross-sectional menggunakan 120 sampel susu kambing Sapera dan 21 sampel lingkungan (swab kandang, swab tangan pekerja, dan air minum) dari tujuh peternakan di Sleman. Enumerasi E. coli dilakukan menggunakan MC-Media Pad®. Isolasi dan identifikasi E. coli O157:H7 dilakukan melalui pengayaan pada Buffered Peptone Water (BPW), penanaman pada media selektif Sorbitol-MacConkey Agar (SMAC), diikuti uji oksidase, uji IMViC, pengecatan Gram, konfirmasi dengan Sensititre Gram-Negative Identification (GN-ID), dan uji Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Hasil enumerasi menunjukkan bahwa dari 120 sampel susu, hanya satu sampel (0,83%) dari Tolak Miskin Farm yang memiliki nilai cemaran E. coli sebesar 580 CFU/g, melampaui batas SNI 9159:2023 (100 CFU/g). Enam peternakan lainnya memiliki nilai cemaran di bawah batas deteksi (kurang dari 10 CFU/g) atau antara 10-50 CFU/g. Hasil identifikasi E. coli O157:H7 menemukan dua isolat positif (1,67%) pada sampel susu dari Tolak Miskin Farm, sementara keenam peternakan lain serta seluruh sampel lingkungan menunjukkan hasil negatif. Berdasarkan temuan ini, Tolak Miskin Farm dikategorikan memiliki tingkat risiko tinggi, sedangkan enam peternakan lainnya berisiko rendah. Namun, deteksi E. coli pada empat peternakan mengindikasikan perlunya evaluasi higiene. Kesimpulannya, konsumsi susu kambing segar mentah dari Tolak Miskin Farm berisiko tinggi terhadap kesehatan. Disarankan untuk mempasteurisasi semua susu sebelum dikonsumsi, dengan prioritas perbaikan higiene menyeluruh  pada Tolak Miskin Farm serta monitoring rutin pada peternakan lain untuk mencegah potensi kontaminasi patogen.

Sapera goat milk has high nutritional value but is susceptible to bacterial contamination, such as Escherichia coli, which indicates poor hygiene, including the pathogenic strain E. coli O157:H7 that causes serious illness in humans. Research in Sleman has shown contradictory results regarding the presence of this pathogen. This study aimed to evaluate the safety risk of fresh goat milk based on E. coli contamination levels and the detection of E. coli O157:H7 on farms in Sleman. This observational laboratory study used a cross-sectional approach, employing 120 Sapera goat milk samples and 21 environmental samples (pen swabs, worker hand swabs, and drinking water) from seven farms in Sleman. Escherichia coli enumeration was performed using MC-Media Pad®. Isolation and identification of E. coli O157:H7 were carried out through enrichment in Buffered Peptone Water (BPW), plating on selective Sorbitol-MacConkey agar (SMAC), followed by oxidase test, IMViC test, Gram staining, confirmation using the Sensititre Gram-Negative Identification (GN-ID) system and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test. The enumeration results showed that out of 120 milk samples, only one sample (0.83%) from Tolak Miskin Farm had an E. coli contamination level of 580 CFU/g, exceeding the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 9159:2023 limit (100 CFU/g). The other six farms had contamination levels below the detection limit (less than 10 CFU/g) or between 10-50 CFU/g. E. coli O157:H7 identification revealed two positive isolates (1.67%) in milk samples from Tolak Miskin Farm, while the other six farms and all environmental samples tested negative. Based on these findings, Tolak Miskin Farm was categorized as having a high-risk level, whereas the other six farms were classified as low risk. However, the detection of E. coli on four farms indicates the need for hygiene evaluation. In conclusion, consumption of raw fresh goat milk from Tolak Miskin Farm poses a high health risk. It is recommended that all milk be pasteurized before consumption, with priority given to comprehensive hygiene improvement at Tolak Miskin Farm and routine monitoring on other farms to prevent potential pathogen contamination.

Kata Kunci : enumerasi, Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7, keamanan pangan, susu kambing Sapera