Mitigasi Risiko Proses Pengadaan Bahan Baku Impor Pupuk NPK di PT Pupuk Indonesia (Persero)

Endang Supriyatna, Prof., Ir., Adi Djoko Guritno, M.S.I.E., Ph.D.

2026 | Tesis | S2 MANAJEMEN (MM) JAKARTA

Industri pupuk merupakan elemen penting dalam ketahanan pangan nasional. Sebagai pemegang mandat penyedia pupuk nasional, PT Pupuk Indonesia (Persero) (PTPI) menghadapi tantangan volatilitas pasar dan ketergantungan tinggi pada impor bahan baku pupuk NPK yang mengekspos perusahaan pada disrupsi geopolitik serta gangguan pengiriman.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi dan memetakan faktor risiko pada rantai pasok pengadaan bahan baku impor pupuk NPK di PTPI, menganalisis dampaknya terhadap ketersediaan bahan baku, mengevaluasi efektivitas manajemen risiko pengadaan yang berjalan, serta merumuskan strategi mitigasi proaktif untuk meningkatkan resiliensi rantai pasok. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan data primer dari wawancara semi-terstruktur terhadap key informant yang dipilih secara purposive serta studi dokumentasi. Kerangka analisis mengintegrasikan SCOR DS (Supply Chain Operations Reference Digital Standard) untuk memetakan proses bisnis dan menetapkan risk location dengan ISO 31000:2018 untuk proses identifikasi, analisis, evaluasi, dan perlakuan risiko.

Hasil penelitian mengidentifikasi 23 risiko dari tahap perencanaan hingga penerimaan bahan baku, dengan enam risiko berkategori high risk, antara lain gangguan jalur pelayaran akibat konflik geopolitik, ketergantungan pasokan pada sumber tertentu, dispute negosiasi harga, fraud pada mekanisme irrevocable LC at sight, ketidakselarasan rencana produksi dengan jadwal kedatangan kapal, dan kualitas bahan baku di luar spesifikasi. Risiko tersebut memperpanjang lead time, meningkatkan kebutuhan safety stock, hingga berpotensi menghentikan operasi pabrik, sementara respons pengadaan saat ini masih parsial dan reaktif. Penerapan usulan mitigasi yang mencakup strategi multi-sourcing, Long-Term Supply Agreement, proteksi war risk, penggunaan justifikasi Price Reporting Agency, dan platform S&OP terintegrasi berpotensi menurunkan keenam risiko utama dari skor 23–25 (high) menjadi 6–11 (low-to-moderate). Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi praktis bagi PTPI dalam membangun pengadaan yang lebih resilien sekaligus memperkaya literatur manajemen risiko rantai pasok pada industri pupuk.

The fertilizer industry is a vital element of national food security. As the holder of the mandate to supply national fertilizer, PT Pupuk Indonesia (Persero) (PTPI) faces the challenges of market volatility and a high dependence on imported NPK fertilizer raw materials, which exposes the company to geopolitical disruptions and shipping interruptions.

This study aims to identify and map the risk factors within the imported raw material procurement supply chain for NPK fertilizer at PTPI, to analyze their impact on raw material availability, to evaluate the effectiveness of the current procurement risk management, and to formulate proactive mitigation strategies to enhance supply chain resilience. The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach, drawing on primary data from semi-structured interviews with purposively selected key informants and supported by documentary study. The analytical framework integrates SCOR DS (Supply Chain Operations Reference Digital Standard) to map business processes and establish risk locations with ISO 31000:2018 for the process of risk identification, analysis, evaluation, and treatment. 

The study identifies 23 risks spanning from the planning stage to the receipt of raw materials, with six risks categorized as high risk, including shipping lane disruptions due to geopolitical conflict, supply dependence on specific sources, price negotiation disputes, fraud within the irrevocable LC at sight mechanism, misalignment between production plans and vessel arrival schedules, and raw materials falling outside specification. These risks extend lead times, increase safety stock requirements, and may potentially halt plant operations, while the current procurement response remains partial and reactive. Implementing the proposed mitigation measures—which include a multi-sourcing strategy, Long-Term Supply Agreements, war risk protection, the use of Price Reporting Agency justification, and an integrated S&OP platform—has the potential to reduce the six key risks from a score of 23–25 (high) to 6–11 (low-to-moderate). This study offers practical contributions for PTPI in building more resilient procurement while enriching the literature on supply chain risk management in the fertilizer industry.

Kata Kunci : mitigasi risiko, pengadaan bahan baku impor, pupuk NPK, SCOR DS, ISO 31000