Gambaran Pengetahuan, Sikap, dan Perilaku Apoteker Klinis terhadap Deteksi Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) di Wilayah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Fira Natalin Omega Difa, Dr. apt. Fivy Kurniawati, M.Sc.; apt. Arief Rahman Hakim, M.Si.

2026 | Skripsi | FARMASI

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) merupakan reaksi obat merugikan yang berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan morbiditas, mortalitas, dan beban biaya perawatan. Meskipun sebagian besar ADR dapat dicegah, deteksi dini ADR masih belum optimal. Apoteker klinis memegang peran krusial dalam mendeteksi ADR karena keterlibatannya dalam manajemen terapi pasien. Penelitian sebelumnya lebih berfokus pada pelaporan ADR, sementara kajian terkait deteksi ADR masih sangat terbatas. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku apoteker klinis terhadap deteksi ADR di wilayah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan desain deskriptif kuantitatif menggunakan pendekatan cross-sectional yang dilaksanakan di wilayah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta selama bulan Desember 2025—Februari 2026. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik convenience sampling pada apoteker klinis yang bekerja di rumah sakit, klinik, atau puskesmas. Data dikumpulkan melalui distribusi kuesioner tervalidasi kepada responden secara daring dan luring dalam bentuk Google Form. Data yang diperoleh kemudian diolah menggunakan analisis univariat deskriptif. Data disajikan dalam bentuk tabel distribusi frekuensi dan persentase, disertai kategorisasi menggunakan Modified Bloom's Cut-off Point untuk variabel pengetahuan dan sikap.

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dari 98 responden yang terlibat, 79 (80,6%) apoteker klinis memiliki tingkat pengetahuan tinggi dan 98 (100,0%) responden menunjukkan sikap positif terhadap deteksi ADR. Pada aspek perilaku, apoteker klinis telah menerapkan pendekatan aktif dalam mengidentifikasi ADR, seperti anamnesis pasien (91,8%), observasi tanda gejala klinis (87,8%), serta peninjauan riwayat obat (89,8%). Namun, terdapat beberapa hambatan dalam deteksi ADR, antara lain keterbatasan waktu (81,6%), kurangnya pengetahuan dan pelatihan (80,6%), kesulitan membedakan ADR dengan kondisi penyakit (73,5%), serta beban kerja yang tinggi (73,5%). Secara keseluruhan, meskipun apoteker klinis di wilayah DIY telah memiliki pengetahuan tinggi, sikap positif, serta perilaku aktif, implementasi perilaku deteksi ADR belum sepenuhnya konsisten. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penguatan pelatihan farmakovigilans dan sistem deteksi ADR yang terintegrasi untuk mengoptimalkan peran apoteker klinis dalam konteks farmakovigilans.

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are harmful responses to medications that contribute to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Although most ADRs are preventable, early detection remains suboptimal. Clinical pharmacists play a crucial role in identifying ADRs due to their involvement in patient therapy management. Previous studies have primarily focused on ADR reporting, while research on ADR detection remains limited. Therefore, this study aims to describe the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of clinical pharmacists regarding ADR detection in the Special Region of Yogyakarta.

This study was an observational study with a descriptive quantitative design using a cross-sectional approach, conducted in the Special Region of Yogyakarta from December 2025 to February 2026. Samples were obtained using convenience sampling among clinical pharmacists working in hospitals, clinics, and primary healthcare centers. Data were collected through a validated questionnaire distributed both online and offline via Google Form. Data were analyzed using descriptive univariate analysis and presented as frequency distribution and percentages, with categorization based on the Modified Bloom’s cut-off point for knowledge and attitude variables.

The results showed that among 98 respondents, 79 (80.6%) clinical pharmacists had a high level of knowledge, and all respondents (100.0%) demonstrated positive attitudes toward ADR detection. In terms of practices, clinical pharmacists had applied active approaches in identifying ADRs, including patient anamnesis (91.8%), clinical observation (87.8%), and medication history review (89.8%). However, several barriers to ADR detection were identified, such as time constraints (81.6%), insufficient knowledge and training (80.6%), difficulty distinguishing ADRs from disease conditions (73.5%), and high workload (73,5%). Overall, although clinical pharmacists demonstrated high knowledge, positive attitudes, and active practices, the implementation of ADR detection practices remains inconsistent. Therefore, strengthening pharmacovigilance training and developing an integrated ADR detection systems are necessary to optimize the role of clinical pharmacists in the context of pharmacovigilance.

Kata Kunci : Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR), deteksi, pengetahuan, sikap, perilaku