OPTIMASI BIAYA DISTRIBUSI PUPUK UREA DI PT PUPUK INDONESIA (PERSERO): PENDEKATAN LINEAR PROGRAMMING TRANSPORTATION

Andi Febrianto, Luluk Lusiantoro, S.E., M.Sc., Ph.D.

2026 | Tesis | S2 MANAJEMEN (MM) JAKARTA

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan mengoptimalkan biaya distribusi pupuk urea pada PT Pupuk Indonesia (Persero) melalui pendekatan Linear Programming Transportation Problem. Permasalahan distribusi pupuk urea menjadi penting karena perusahaan menghadapi tekanan biaya logistik yang meningkat di tengah dinamika penurunan harga urea global, sehingga efisiensi distribusi menjadi kebutuhan strategis. Objek penelitian adalah jaringan distribusi pupuk urea dari lima anak perusahaan produsen, yaitu PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda (PIM), PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang (PSP), PT Pupuk Kujang Cikampek (PKC), PT Petrokimia Gresik (PKG), dan PT Pupuk Kalimantan Timur (PKT), menuju 37 provinsi tujuan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif-aplikatif berbasis riset operasi. Data yang digunakan merupakan data internal perusahaan tahun 2025, meliputi matriks tarif distribusi per rute, kapasitas pasok, demand provinsi, safety stock wilayah, dan pola distribusi aktual. Model diformulasikan untuk meminimalkan total biaya distribusi dengan kendala kapasitas pasok, pemenuhan demand, non-negativitas, kelayakan rute, serta kendala rayonisasi pada skenario tertentu. Penyelesaian model dilakukan melalui metode solusi awal North-West Corner (NWC), Least Cost Method (LCM), dan Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM), kemudian diuji optimalitasnya menggunakan MODI dan diverifikasi dengan solver Linear Programming, software (POMQM dan LINGO). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa total biaya distribusi aktual perusahaan mencapai Rp1.852.988.714.168. Model dengan kendala rayonisasi menghasilkan biaya optimal sebesar Rp.1.669.368.962.082, atau memberikan penghematan Rp.183.619.752.086 setara 9,91%. Sementara itu, model tanpa kendala rayonisasi formal menghasilkan biaya optimal sebesar Rp.1.635.899.926.803, atau memberikan penghematan Rp.217.088.787.366 setara 11,72%. Selisih Rp.33.469.035.279 antara kedua model menunjukkan adanya biaya kepatuhan terhadap konfigurasi rayonisasi formal. Efisiensi terutama berasal dari peningkatan utilisasi PKG dan PKC serta pengurangan alokasi pada koridor yang memiliki alternatif sumber pasok lebih murah. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi akademik dengan memperluas penerapan Transportation Problem pada distribusi pupuk skala nasional dan memasukkan rayonisasi sebagai kendala kebijakan formal. Secara praktis, hasil penelitian memberikan dasar kuantitatif bagi PT Pupuk Indonesia (Persero) untuk mengevaluasi rayonisasi secara periodik, mengoptimalkan koridor distribusi prioritas, dan mengintegrasikan model optimasi ke dalam sistem perencanaan distribusi berbasis data.

This study aims to analyze and optimize urea fertilizer distribution costs at PT Pupuk Indonesia (Persero) using a Linear Programming Transportation Problem approach. The distribution issue is strategically important because the company faces increasing logistics costs amid the declining trend of global urea prices, making distribution efficiency a critical operational requirement. The research object is the urea distribution network from five producer subsidiaries, namely PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda (PIM), PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang (PSP), PT Pupuk Kujang Cikampek (PKC), PT Petrokimia Gresik (PKG), and PT Pupuk Kalimantan Timur (PKT), to 37 destination provinces in Indonesia. This study adopts an applied quantitative approach based on operations research. The data comprise the company’s 2025 internal datasets, including route-based distribution tariffs, supply capacity, provincial demand, regional safety stock, and actual distribution patterns. The model is formulated to minimize total distribution costs subject to supply capacity, demand fulfillment, non-negativity, route feasibility, and rayonization constraints in a specific scenario. The model is solved using initial solution methods, namely the North-West Corner (NWC), Least Cost Method (LCM), and Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM), followed by optimality testing using MODI and verification through Linear Programming solvers, including POM-QM and LINGO. The results show that the company’s actual distribution cost reached IDR 1,852,988,714,168. The model with rayonization constraints generated an optimal cost of IDR 1,669,368,962,082, resulting in savings of IDR 183,619,752,086 or 9.91%. Meanwhile, the model without formal rayonization constraints produced an optimal cost of IDR 1,635,899,926,803, resulting in savings of IDR 217,088,787,366 or 11.72%. The difference of IDR 33,469,035,279 between the two models indicates the compliance cost of maintaining the formal rayonization configuration. The efficiency improvement mainly results from higher utilization of PKG and PKC and reduced allocation on corridors with cheaper supply alternatives. Academically, this study extends the application of the Transportation Problem to national-scale fertilizer distribution and incorporates rayonization as a formal policy constraint. Practically, the findings provide a quantitative basis for PT Pupuk Indonesia (Persero) to periodically evaluate rayonization, optimize priority distribution corridors, and integrate optimization models into a data-driven distribution planning system.

Kata Kunci : distribution cost, linear programming, Transportation Problem, distribution optimization, urea fertilizer, rayonization, PT Pupuk Indonesia