Mental Workload, Fatigue dan Situational Awareness pada Deck Officer di Kapal Tanker

AURINO PUTRA TRISNA, Prof. Ir. Sigit Priyanto, M.Sc., Ph.D., IPM.; Prof. Dr. Techn. Ir. Danang Parikesit, M.Sc.(Eng)., IPU., APEC.Eng.

2026 | Tesis | S2 Mag. S. & T.Transportasi

Transportasi laut memiliki peran penting dalam menjaga konektivitas wilayah dan kelancaran distribusi logistik, terutama pada negara kepulauan. Pada kapal tanker, keselamatan pelayaran sangat bergantung pada kinerja perwira dek karena operasi navigasi berlangsung dalam lingkungan yang kompleks, berisiko tinggi, dan menuntut kewaspadaan berkelanjutan. Beban kerja mental yang tinggi berpotensi menimbulkan kelelahan, sedangkan kelelahan dapat mengganggu kemampuan perwira dek dalam mempertahankan kesadaran situasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh beban kerja mental terhadap kelelahan dan kesadaran situasional, menguji pengaruh kelelahan terhadap kesadaran situasional, menguji peran kelelahan sebagai variabel mediasi, serta mengidentifikasi tingkat beban kerja mental perwira dek pada kapal tanker.

Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif melalui survei terhadap 184 perwira dek berkewarganegaraan Indonesia yang bertugas sebagai mualim satu, mualim dua, dan mualim tiga pada kapal tanker minyak. Beban kerja mental diukur menggunakan National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index, kelelahan diukur menggunakan Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory, dan kesadaran situasional diukur menggunakan Situational Awareness Rating Technique. Data dianalisis menggunakan Structural Equation Modeling berbasis Partial Least Squares untuk menguji hubungan antar variabel laten, serta dilengkapi dengan Importance Performance Map Analysis untuk menentukan prioritas perbaikan.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa beban kerja mental berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kelelahan. Beban kerja mental juga berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kesadaran situasional, tetapi arah hubungan tersebut tidak sesuai dengan hipotesis awal yang memperkirakan pengaruh negatif. Kelelahan terbukti berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap kesadaran situasional serta menjadi variabel paling dominan dalam model. Kelelahan juga memediasi hubungan antara beban kerja mental dan kesadaran situasional melalui mediasi parsial yang bersifat kompetitif. Selain itu, tingkat beban kerja mental perwira dek berada pada kategori tinggi dengan rata-rata skor 71,01. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa pengelolaan kelelahan perlu menjadi prioritas utama dalam upaya mempertahankan kesadaran situasional dan meningkatkan keselamatan pelayaran kapal tanker.

Maritime transportation plays a crucial role in maintaining regional connectivity and ensuring the smooth distribution of logistics, especially in archipelagic countries. On tanker vessels, navigational safety heavily depends on the performance of deck officers, as navigational operations take place in complex, high-risk environments that require continuous vigilance. High mental workload has the potential to cause fatigue, which in turn can impair deck officers’ ability to maintain situational awareness. This study aims to analyze the effect of mental workload on fatigue and situational awareness, examine the effect of fatigue on situational awareness, investigate the mediating role of fatigue, and identify the level of mental workload experienced by deck officers on tanker vessels.

This study employed a quantitative approach through a survey of 184 Indonesian deck officers serving as chief mates, second mates, and third mates on oil tankers. Mental workload was measured using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index, fatigue was measured using the Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory, and situational awareness was measured using the Situational Awareness Rating Technique. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares-based Structural Equation Modeling to examine the relationships among latent variables, complemented by Importance Performance Map Analysis to determine improvement priorities.

The results indicate that mental workload has a positive and significant effect on fatigue. Mental workload also has a positive and significant impact on situational awareness, although the direction of this relationship is contrary to the initial hypothesis, which predicted a negative influence. Fatigue was found to have a negative and significant effect on situational awareness and emerged as the most dominant variable in the model. Fatigue also partially and competitively mediates the relationship between mental workload and situational awareness. Furthermore, the mental workload level of deck officers was categorized as high, with an average score of 71.01. These findings underscore that fatigue management should be a top priority in efforts to maintain situational awareness and enhance the safety of tanker ship operations.

Kata Kunci : Beban Kerja Mental, Kelelahan, Kesadaran Situasional, Perwira Dek, Kapal Tanker