Dinamika Identitas Sosial Anak Perempuan Pascapernikahan Anak: Studi Kasus di Desa Ban, Karangasem, Bali

I KADEK WAHYU PUJHANA, Prof. Dr. Faturochman, M.A

2026 | Tesis | S2 Psikologi

Pernikahan anak tidak hanya mengubah status hukum dan demografis anak perempuan, tetapi juga membentuk ulang posisi sosial, relasi, dan cara mereka memaknai diri. Namun, kajian pernikahan anak masih lebih banyak berfokus pada faktor penyebab dan dampaknya. Penelitian ini bertujuan memahami dinamika pembentukan dan negosiasi identitas sosial anak perempuan pascapernikahan anak di Desa Ban, Karangasem, Bali. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus instrumental. Partisipan utama terdiri atas lima anak perempuan yang menikah sebelum usia 18 tahun, dengan significant others yang mencakup suami, mertua, dan stakeholder desa. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, focus group discussion, observasi, artefak, dan catatan lapangan, lalu dianalisis menggunakan analisis tematik Braun dan Clarke secara induktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tiga tema utama, yaitu: (1) identitas sosial yang dipercepat melalui skrip relasi menuju pernikahan, (2) identitas sosial yang performatif dalam ekspektasi feminitas lokal, dan (3) identitas sosial yang diuji, dikoreksi, dan diawasi. Dalam proses, agensi anak perempuan muncul secara terbatas melalui penolakan terhadap stigma, negosiasi perilaku, solidaritas perempuan, dan pemaknaan kebahagiaan yang ambivalen. Penelitian ini menawarkan integrasi Teori Identitas Sosial dan Teori Model Relasional untuk membaca identitas sosial pascapernikahan anak sebagai proses yang dibentuk melalui struktur gender lokal, relasi komunal, performatif, dan pengawasan komunitas terhadap perilaku perempuan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.

Child marriage not only alters the legal and demographic status of girls but also reshapes their social positions, relationships, and ways of understanding themselves. However, studies on child marriage have largely focused on its causes and consequences. This study aims to examine the dynamics of social identity formation and negotiation among girls after child marriage in Ban Village, Karangasem, Bali. This research employed a qualitative approach with an instrumental case study design. The main participants consisted of five girls who had married before the age of 18, while significant others included husbands, parents-in-law, and village stakeholders. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, observation, artefacts, and field notes, and were analysed inductively using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis. The findings reveal three main themes: (1) accelerated social identity through relational scripts leading to marriage, (2) performative social identity within local expectations of femininity, and (3) social identity that is tested, corrected, and monitored. In the process, girls' agency emerges in limited ways through the rejection of stigma, negotiation of behavior, female solidarity, and ambivalent interpretations of happiness. This study offers an integration of Social Identity Theory and Relational Models Theory to understand post-child-marriage social identity as a process shaped by local gender structures, domestic division of labour, family relations, and community surveillance of women’s everyday conduct.

Kata Kunci : pernikahan anak; identitas sosial; negosiasi identitas; anak perempuan; Bali/ child marriage; social identity; identity negotiation; girls; Bali