Pengaruh Pendidikan Kesehatan Berbasis Health Belief Model terhadap Self-Care dan Health Belief Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Kota Yogyakarta

WA ODE UMI KALSUM, Dr. Sri Mulyani, S.Kep., Ns., M.Ng ; Uki Noviana, S.Kep., Ns., M.N.Sc., Ph.D

2026 | Tesis | S2 Magister Keperawatan

Latar Belakang: Diabetes melitus tipe 2 merupakan salah satu penyakit tidak menular dengan prevalensi tinggi di Indonesia, termasuk Kota Yogyakarta. Self-care terbukti berperan penting dalam mengendalikan kadar glukosa darah dan pencegahan komplikasi, namun berbagai penelitian menunjukkan tingkat perawatan diri pasien masih rendah dan sering dipengaruhi oleh health belief yang tidak tepat.
Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh pendidikan kesehatan berbasis Health Belief Model (HBM) terhadap self-care dan health belief pasien DM tipe 2.
Metode: Penelitian quasi-experiment dengan desain pre-test and post-test non-equivalent control group pada 62 pasien DM tipe 2 di Puskesmas Gondokusuman II Yogyakarta selama Januari–Maret 2026. Kelompok intervensi (n=32) mendapat pendidikan kesehatan berbasis HBM dengan booklet, sedangkan kelompok kontrol (n=30) menerima leaflet. Instrumen pengumpulan data meliputi kuesioner SDSCA, dan DHBM. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan Independent t-test dan Mann-Whitney untuk melihat pengaruh intervensi pendidikan kesehatan.
Hasil: Self-care dan health belief pasien DM tipe 2 meningkat signifikan dari pre-test ke post-test pada kedua kelompok, namun tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antar kelompok intervensi dan kontrol (self-care: p=0,225; health belief: p=0,278). Analisis multivariat menunjukkan durasi penyakit dan dukungan keluarga bersama-sama mempengaruhi 13,4% variasi health belief pasien.
Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat pengaruh pemberian intervensi pendidikan kesehatan berbasis Health Belief Model terhadap self-care dan health belief pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2. Meskipun demikian, kedua kelompok secara individual mengalami peningkatan yang bermakna pada skor self-care dan health belief setelah intervensi. Durasi penyakit dan dukungan keluarga merupakan faktor dominan yang memengaruhi health belief pasien.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the noncommunicable diseases with a high prevalence in Indonesia, including in Yogyakarta. Self-care has been shown to play a crucial role in controlling blood glucose levels and preventing complications. Various studies show that patient self-care levels remain low and are often influenced by inappropriate health beliefs.
Objective: To determine the effect of Health Education Based on the Health Belief Model on self-care and health beliefs of patients with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: A quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test non-equivalent control group design was conducted on 62 patients with type 2 diabetes at the Gondokusuman II Community Health Center in Yogyakarta from January to March 2026. The intervention group (n=32) received  health education based on HBM via a booklet, while the control group (n=30) received a leaflet. Data collection instruments included the SDSCA and DHBM questionnaires. Analysis was performed using the Independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test to determine the effect of the health education intervention.
Results: Self-care and health beliefs among patients with type 2 diabetes improved significantly from the pre-test to the post-test in both groups; however, there were no significant differences between the intervention and control groups (self-care: p=0.225; health beliefs: p=0.278). Multivariate analysis showed that disease duration and family support together accounted for 13.4% of the variation in patients’ health beliefs.
Conclusion: There is no significant effect of a health education intervention based on the Health Belief Model on self-care and health beliefs among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, both groups individually showed a significant increase in self-care and health belief scores following the intervention. Duration of diabetes and family support are the dominant factors influencing patients' health beliefs.

Kata Kunci : Pendidikan kesehatan, Health Belief Model, diabetes tipe 2, self-care / Health education, Health Belief Model, type 2 diabetes, self-care