Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis implementasi
kebijakan penentuan negara subjek Bebas Visa Kunjungan berdasarkan Peraturan
Presiden Nomor 95 Tahun 2024. Penelitian ini secara khusus mengkaji: (1)
bagaimana implementasi penentuan negara sebagai subjek bebas visa kunjungan;
(2) evaluasi penentuan negara sebagai subjek Bebas Visa Kunjungan pada
Peraturan Presiden No. 95 Tahun 2024 ditinjau dari efektivitas hukum.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum empiris-normatif, dengan data
primer diperoleh melalui wawancara mendalam terhadap pejabat Ditjen Imigrasi,
Kemenpar, petugas TPI, dan observasi lapangan di TPI dan Kantor Imigrasi. Data
sekunder diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap peraturan
perundang-undangan, jurnal, buku, dan dokumen kebijakan terkini. Pendekatan
masalah yang digunakan meliputi pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan
konseptual. Data dianalisis dengan metode kualitatif dan disajikan secara deskriptif
analitis, dengan penarikan kesimpulan dilakukan secara induktif.
Penelitian ini menyimpulkan: Pertama, secara normatif dan kelembagaan,
reformulasi BVK melalui Perpres 95 Tahun 2024 telah menguatkan karakter
selective policy dengan menekankan asas resiprositas, keamanan, dan kemanfaatan
nasional, namun implementasinya masih melemah pada aspek komunikasi publik,
SOP teknis khusus BVK, kesenjangan sarpras, dan koordinasi lintas K/L sehingga
selektivitas kebijakan belum sepenuhnya konsisten di semua titik layanan dan
wilayah pengawasan. Kedua, berdasarkan lima faktor efektivitas hukum Soerjono
Soekanto, kebijakan BVK dinilai sudah cukup efektif di tingkat substansi hukum,
penegak hukum, dan sarana-prasarana di TPI besar, namun belum sepenuhnya
efektif di tingkat masyarakat dan budaya hukum karena masih tingginya
pelanggaran (overstay, penyalahgunaan izin tinggal), belum meratanya kapasitas
dan fasilitas di daerah, serta belum tumbuhnya kesadaran dan budaya kepatuhan
yang kuat di kalangan wisatawan dan pelaku pariwisata, sehingga kebijakan BVK
pasca Perpres 95 Tahun 2024 berada pada posisi “cukup efektif tetapi belum
optimal” dan masih memerlukan penguatan norma turunan, implementasi, dan
strategi sosialisasi.
This study aims to identify and analyze the implementation of the policy on
determining countries as subjects of the Visa-Free Visit facility based on
Presidential Regulation Number 95 of 2024. Specifically, the study examines: (1)
how the determination of countries as subjects of the visa-free visit facility is
implemented; and (2) how the determination of countries as BVK subjects under
Presidential Regulation No. 95 of 2024 can be evaluated in terms of legal
effectiveness.
This is an empirical–normative legal research, in which primary data were
obtained through in-depth interviews with officials of the Directorate General of
Immigration, the Ministry of Tourism, officers at Immigration Checkpoints (TPI),
and field observations at TPIs and Immigration Offices; secondary data were
obtained through literature study of legislation, journals, books, and recent policy
documents. The research employs statutory and conceptual approaches, with data
analyzed qualitatively and presented in a descriptive-analytical manner, and
conclusions drawn inductively.
The study concludes, first, that normatively and institutionally, the
reformulation of BVK through Presidential Regulation 95 of 2024 has strengthened
the character of a selective policy by emphasizing the principles of reciprocity,
security, and national benefit, yet its implementation remains weak in terms of
public communication, BVK-specific technical SOPs, infrastructure gaps, and
inter-ministerial coordination, so that policy selectivity is not yet consistently
manifested at all service points and within all supervisory areas. Second, based on
Soerjono Soekanto’s five factors of legal effectiveness, the BVK policy is considered
sufficiently effective at the levels of legal substance, law enforcement, and
major-checkpoint facilities, but not yet fully effective at the societal and legal
culture levels, as indicated by the still high incidence of violations (overstay, misuse
of stay permits), uneven capacity and facilities in the regions, and the absence of
strong legal awareness and compliance culture among tourists and tourism actors;
consequently, the BVK policy after Presidential Regulation 95 of 2024 can be
categorized as “fairly effective but not yet optimal” and still requires strengthening
of derivative norms, implementation practices, and socialization strategies.
Kata Kunci :
Kebijakan Bebas Visa Kunjungan, Kebijakan Keimigrasian, Pengawasan Orang Asing
