Hubungan Iklim Keselamatan Kerja dengan Perilaku Tidak Aman Menggunakan Pendekatan Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) pada Pekerja PT X

Wahdah Dhiyaul Akrimah, Dr. Supriyati, S.Sos., M.Kes. ; Ari Prayogo Pribadi, ST., MT., Ph.D.

2026 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat

Latar Belakang: Keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja berperan dalam meminimalkan kemungkinan terjadinya kecelakaan dan penyakit akibat kerja. Pekerja pelayanan teknik (yantek) di PT X memiliki risiko tinggi terhadap kecelakaan kerja karena berhubungan langsung dengan listrik dan ketinggian. Iklim keselamatan kerja merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang dapat berpengaruh terhadap perilaku pekerja melalui mekanisme psikologis. 

Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan iklim keselamatan kerja dengan perilaku tidak aman menggunakan pendekatan Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) dan menjelaskan mekanisme serta alasan yang melatarbelakangi perilaku tidak aman pada pekerja yantek PT X.

Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian mixed method dengan desain sekuensial eksplanatori. Penelitian dilakukan pada pekerja yantek PT X. Sampel kuantitatif sebanyak 49 pekerja, sedangkan sampel kualitatif sebanyak 5 informan utama dan 3 informan kunci. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan kuesioner, wawancara, dan observasi. Instrumen iklim keselamatan kerja menggunakan NOSACQ-50, sedangkan sikap, norma subjektif, persepsi kontrol, niat, dan perilaku tidak aman menggunakan kuesioner yang dikembangkan oleh peneliti dan diuji validitas dan reliabilitasnya. Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji chi-square dan fisher’s exact, sedangkan multivariabel menggunakan bootstrap 5000. Metode kuantitatif digunakan untuk menganalisis hubungan antarvariabel, sedangkan kualitatif digunakan untuk menjelaskan mekanisme dan alasan temuan kuantitatif. 

Hasil: Iklim keselamatan mayoritas pekerja berada pada kategori cukup baik untuk dimensi keadilan keselamatan dan dimensi prioritas keselamatan. Sikap pekerja mayoritas berada pada kategori negatif. Norma subjektif, persepsi kontrol, dan niat para pekerja mayoritas berada pada kategori rendah. Perilaku tidak aman pekerja mayoritas berada pada kategori tinggi. Iklim keselamatan kerja memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan sikap, norma subjektif, persepsi kontrol, dan niat. Selain itu, sikap, norma subjektif, persepsi kontrol, dan niat juga memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan perilaku tidak aman. Hubungan iklim keselamatan kerja dengan perilaku tidak aman dimediasi penuh oleh sikap, norma subjektif, persepsi kontrol, dan niat. Mekanisme terjadinya perilaku tidak aman didorong oleh sikap negatif terhadap APD, norma subjektif yang belum terbentuk dengan baik, persepsi kontrol yang menurun, dan niat yang masih rendah. Munculnya kondisi tersebut dipicu oleh kurangnya dukungan manajemen dan rekan kerja.

Kesimpulan: Iklim keselamatan kerja yang baik berhubungan dengan perilaku tidak aman yang lebih rendah melalui variabel mediator yakni sikap, norma subjektif, persepsi kontrol, dan niat. Oleh karena itu, intervensi berbasis fisik saja tidak cukup untuk mengubah perilaku tidak aman. Pendekatan intervensi juga harus menyasar pada aspek psikologis pekerja.

Background: Occupational safety and health play an important role in minimizing the likelihood of work accidents and occupational diseases. Technical service workers (yantek) at PT X have a high risk of occupational accidents due to direct exposure to electricity and working at heights. Safety climate is an important factor that can influence worker behavior through psychological mechanisms.

Objective: To analyze the association between safety climate and unsafe actions using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) approach and to explain the mechanisms and underlying reasons behind unsafe actions among yantek workers at PT X.

Methods: This study employed a mixed-method approach with a sequential explanatory design. The study was conducted among yantek workers at PT X. The quantitative sample consisted of 49 workers, while the qualitative sample included 5 main informants and 3 key informants. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and observations. Safety climate was measured using the NOSACQ-50 instrument, while attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, intention, and unsafe action were measured using researcher-developed questionnaires that had undergone validity and reliability testing. Bivariate analysis was conducted using chi-square and fisher’s exact tests, while multivariable analysis used bootstrap with 5000 resamples. Quantitative methods were used to analyze relationships among variables, whereas qualitative methods were used to explain the mechanisms and reasons behind the quantitative findings.

Results: The majority of workers had a moderately good safety climate in both safety justice dimension and safety priority dimension. Most workers had negative attitudes. Subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention were predominantly low. Unsafe action among workers was mostly in the high category. Safety climate showed significant relationships with attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention. Attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention also showed significant relationships with unsafe action. The relationship between safety climate and unsafe action was fully mediated by attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention. The mechanisms underlying unsafe actions were driven by negative attitudes toward PPE, poorly established subjective norms, decreased perceived behavioral control, and low intentions. These conditions were triggered by a lack of support from management and co-workers.

Conclusion: A positive safety climate was associated with lower levels of unsafe behavior through the mediating roles of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention. Therefore, interventions focusing solely on physical aspects are insufficient to change unsafe action. Intervention approaches must also target workers’ psychological aspects. 

Kata Kunci : Iklim Keselamatan Kerja, Perilaku Tidak Aman, Theory of Planned Behavior, NOSACQ-50, mixed method