Hubungan Keragaman Pangan dengan Anemia pada Wanita Usia Subur: Suatu Tinjauan Sistematis dan Meta-Analisis Studi Tahun 2015 – 2025

Dwi Wijayanti, Dr. rer. nat. dr. Bernadette Josephine Istiti Kandarina, FISPH, FISCM;Bayu Satria Wiratama, S.Ked., MPH., Ph.D., FSRPH

2026 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat

ABSTRAK

Latar Belakang: Anemia masih menjadi masalah kesehatan pada wanita usia subur yang mana dapat dipengaruhi oleh rendahnya keragaman pangan. Keragaman pangan digunakan sebagai indikator kualitas diet karena mencerminkan variasi konsumsi pangan yang berkontribusi terhadap pemenuhan zat gizi penting dalam pembentukan hemoglobin. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan antara keragaman pangan dan anemia pada wanita usia subur. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan systematic review dan meta-analisis dengan pedoman PRISMA 2020. Pencarian artikel dilakukan melalui PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar dan ProQuest pada publikasi tahun 2015–2025. Studi yang diinklusi merupakan penelitian observasional mengenai hubungan keragaman pangan dan anemia pada wanita usia subur. Penilaian kualitas studi menggunakan Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI), sedangkan analisis meta dilakukan menggunakan RStudio dengan model random-effects. Hasil: Artikel yang diperoleh 2909, setelah dicek duplikasi, skrining judul, abstrak kemudian full text diperoleh 18 artikel dan 11 artikel untuk meta-analsis. Meta-analisis menunjukkan bahwa wanita usia subur dengan keragaman pangan rendah memiliki odds anemia lebih tinggi dibandingkan wanita dengan keragaman pangan baik dengan pooled OR sebesar 1,28 (95% CI: 1,11–1,47) dan heterogenitas tinggi (I² = 75,6%). Analisis subgroup menunjukkan bahwa indikator Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) memberikan hasil yang lebih konsisten dibandingkan indikator lainnya. Penilaian certainty of evidence menggunakan pendekatan GRADE menunjukkan tingkat kepastian bukti berada pada kategori very low. Kesimpulan: Keragaman pangan berhubungan dengan kejadian anemia pada wanita usia subur. Peningkatan keragaman pangan berpotensi menjadi salah satu pendekatan pendukung dalam pencegahan anemia melalui perbaikan kualitas diet dan pemenuhan zat gizi penting. Namun, interpretasi hasil perlu dilakukan secara hati-hati karena heterogenitas antar penelitian masih tinggi.

Kata Kunci: keragaman pangan, anemia, wanita usia subur, systematic review, meta-analisis

ABSTRACT

Background: Anemia remains a major health problem among women of reproductive age and may be influenced by low dietary diversity. Dietary diversity is commonly used as an indicator of diet quality because it reflects the variety of food consumption that contributes to the intake of essential nutrients involved in hemoglobin formation. This study aimed to analyze the association between dietary diversity and anemia among women of reproductive age. Methods: This study used a systematic review and meta-analysis approach following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Article searches were conducted through PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, and ProQuest for publications from 2015–2025. Included studies were observational studies examining the association between dietary diversity and anemia among women of reproductive age. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI), while meta-analysis was performed using RStudio with a random-effects model. Results: A total of 2,909 articles were identified. After duplicate removal, title and abstract screening, and full-text assessment, 18 articles were included in the systematic review and 11 articles were eligible for meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that women of reproductive age with low dietary diversity had higher odds of anemia compared to those with adequate dietary diversity, with a pooled OR of 1.28 (95% CI: 1.11–1.47) and high heterogeneity (I² = 75.6%). Subgroup analysis showed that the Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) indicator provided more consistent results compared to other indicators. The certainty of evidence assessed using the GRADE approach was categorized as very low. Conclusion: Dietary diversity was associated with anemia among women of reproductive age. Improving dietary diversity may serve as a supportive approach for anemia prevention through better diet quality and adequate intake of essential nutrients. However, the findings should be interpreted cautiously due to the high heterogeneity across studies.

Keywords: dietary diversity, anemia, women of reproductive age, systematic review, meta-analysis

Kata Kunci : keragaman pangan, anemia, wanita usia subur, systematic review, meta-analisis