Peran Modal Sosial Dalam Ketahanan Pangan Berkelanjutan di Kabupaten Ngada (Studi kasus Desa Langagedha dan Desa Mengeruda)

Magdalena R. M Nay, Prof. Dr. Phil. Gabriel Lele, S.I.P.,M.Si.

2026 | Tesis | S2 Administrasi Publik

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kondisi ketahanan pangan di Kabupaten Ngada yang menunjukkan variasi antarwilayah yang tidak selalu dapat dijelaskan oleh faktor produksi pangan maupun kondisi ekonomi rumah tangga. Kondisi tersebut mengindikasikan adanya faktor sosial yang turut memengaruhi kemampuan masyarakat dalam mempertahankan ketersediaan, akses, pemanfaatan, dan stabilitas pangan secara berkelanjutan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis peran modal sosial dalam ketahanan pangan berkelanjutan di Kabupaten Ngada yang difokuskan pada Desa Langagedha dan Desa Mengeruda.

Penelitian ini menggunakan perspektif modal sosial Putnam yang menekankan kepercayaan, norma, dan jaringan sosial, serta perspektif kritis Portes yang melihat bahwa modal sosial dapat menghasilkan dampak positif maupun negatif. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode studi kasus. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan studi dokumentasi terhadap pemerintah daerah, tokoh adat, kelompok tani, dan petani.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa modal sosial berperan dalam ketahanan pangan berkelanjutan melalui mekanisme kepercayaan, norma sosial, dan jaringan sosial yang memengaruhi kemampuan rumah tangga mempertahankan ketersediaan, akses, dan stabilitas pangan. Di Desa Mengeruda, modal sosial berkontribusi terhadap penguatan ketahanan pangan melalui praktik pinjam pangan, kerja sama produksi, serta jaringan kelompok tani yang memperluas akses terhadap pupuk, bibit, alsintan, dan informasi pertanian. Mekanisme tersebut mendukung keberlanjutan produksi dan memperkuat akses pangan rumah tangga. Sebaliknya, di Desa Langagedha, modal sosial lebih berperan sebagai mekanisme adaptif dalam menghadapi keterbatasan akses formal melalui relasi personal dan jaringan informal. Namun, manfaatnya berkembang secara lebih selektif dan tidak merata. Selain itu, norma adat seperti Reba dan Bere Su'u tidak hanya memperkuat solidaritas sosial dan redistribusi bantuan, tetapi juga memengaruhi alokasi hasil produksi, pendapatan, dan cadangan pangan rumah tangga karena adanya kewajiban sosial yang harus dipenuhi secara berulang. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa peran modal sosial terhadap ketahanan pangan berkelanjutan bersifat kontekstual serta dapat menjadi sumber dukungan maupun sumber tekanan bagi rumah tangga, sehingga perlu diperkuat melalui kebijakan yang mampu mendorong hubungan sosial yang inklusif, adaptif, dan mendukung keberlanjutan sistem pangan masyarakat.

This study is motivated by the condition of food security in Ngada Regency, which exhibits variations across regions that cannot always be explained by food production factors or household economic conditions. This situation indicates the presence of social factors that influence the ability of communities to sustain food availability, access, utilization, and stability over time. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the role of social capital in sustainable food security in Ngada Regency, focusing on Langagedha Village and Mengeruda Village.

This study employs Putnam's social capital perspective, which emphasizes trust, norms, and social networks, as well as Portes' critical perspective, which argues that social capital can generate both positive and negative impacts. The research was conducted using a qualitative approach and a case study method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and document analysis involving local government officials, customary leaders, farmer groups, and farmers.

The findings indicate that social capital contributes to sustainable food security through the mechanisms of trust, social norms, and social networks, which influence households' ability to maintain food availability, access, and stability. In Mengeruda Village, social capital strengthens food security through food-sharing practices, production cooperation, and farmer group networks that expand access to fertilizers, seeds, agricultural machinery, and farming information. These mechanisms support production sustainability and strengthen household food access. In contrast, in Langagedha Village, social capital functions primarily as an adaptive mechanism for coping with limited formal access through personal relationships and informal networks. However, its benefits tend to be more selective and unevenly distributed. In addition, customary norms such as Reba and Bere Su'u not only reinforce social solidarity and the redistribution of assistance but also influence the allocation of production outputs, income, and household food reserves due to recurring social obligations that must be fulfilled. These findings suggest that the role of social capital in sustainable food security is contextual and may serve as both a source of support and a source of pressure for households. Therefore, it should be strengthened through policies that promote inclusive and adaptive social relations and support the sustainability of community food systems.

Kata Kunci : Modal Sosial, Ketahanan Pangan Berkelanjutan, Rumah Tangga Petani, Masyarakat Pedesaan, Kepercayaan, Norma, Jaringan Sosial./ Social Capital, Sustainable Food Security, Farming Households, Rural Communities, Trust, Norms, Social Netw