Dominasi dan Hegemoni Kekuasaan Negara dan Bisnis terhadap Petani :: Studi tentang produksi dan distribusi Jambu Mete di Desa Baluk Hering Kecamatan Tanjung Bunga Flores Timur Nusa Tenggara Timur

MARAN, Yohanes Laba, Prof.Dr. Tadjuddin Noer Effendi

2005 | Tesis | S2 Sosiologi

Pembangunan dengan sistem dan paradigmanya mengandung tujuan untuk menciptakan masyarakat bangsa Indonesia menuju pada titik kesejahteraan. Untuk mewujudkan tujuan dan cita-cita pembangunan menuntut kerjasama atau kesatuan oleh tiga stake holders yakni negara, bisnis dan masyarakat (petani). Pada realitanya terjadi penyalagunaan kekuasaan oleh pihak-pihak yang berwewenang. Negara sebagai institusi sosial yang melayani kepentingan publik ringan tangan bersama pengusaha (bisnis) untuk memperdaya masyarakat. Ternyata kondisi dan kehidupan masyarakat semakin mengalami ‘sakit’, dalam pelbagai bidang. Developmentalism menuntut kepatuhan sosial, taat, dan menyetujui pledoi negara dan pengusaha. Masyarakat terus merintih dan menangis tentang prikehidupan yang ‘dramatisir’ oleh kekuasaan pihak luar demi kepentingan mereka. Studi hegemoni dan dominasi kekuasaan negara dan bisnis terhadap petani dilakukan di Desa Baluk Hering, kecamatan Tanjung Bunga, Kabupaten Flores Timur, Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Konsentrasi penelitian difokuskan pada proses dominasi dan hegemoni dalam produksi dan distribusi jambu mete oleh negara dan bisnis. Negara sebagaimana dipahami mazhab Marxian bukanlah lembaga netral yang hanya mengabdi pada suatu golongan dan melayani kepentingan kelompok dominan. Negara dan bisnis melakukan kontrol sosial terhadap rakyat dapat diindentifikasikan melalui dua bentuk yaitu dominasi dan hegemoni. Dominasi selalu menekankan aspek koersif melalui aparat yang represif, pengaturan hukum, birokrasi dan lainnya. Hegemoni lebih menitikberatkan pada upaya mempengaruhi kelompok sosial yang dikuasahi supaya menyetujui hubungan yang ada. Kenyataan di lapangan menyatakan bahwa proses produksi dan distribusi jambu mete di desa Baluk Hering terbingkai dalam dua proses yakni dominasi dan hegemoni oleh negara (pemerintah) dan bisnis hanya karena dalil pembangunan yang konsekuensi lanjutnya dapat membantu meningkatan kesejahteraan hidup para petani ternyata terbalik. Proses dominasi dan hegemoni oleh negara dan bisnis terhadap petani jambu mete dilaksanakan sejak awal pembudidayaan mete sampai pada fase distribusi. Pada ranah produksi, dominasi dan hegemoni ditandai dengan adanya perencanaan program budidaya mete, Bimas dan Bintek serta memakai sarana KUD. Pada fase distribusi era Orde Baru ditandai dengan merajutnya konsensus dalam jalur intervensi birokratis, pemakaian alat UTTP yang bebas dan tidak ditera ulang, dan sekali lagi KUD diperalatkan untuk menabur benih hegemoni dan dominasi. Pada era menuju demokratisi sembari di jalankan sistem pasar bebas praktek dominasi dan hegemoni masih terus diaktualisasikan. UU praktek monopoli dan UU perlindungan konsumen gagal dan tidak berjalan karena memang pemerintah dan bisnis sebagai kesatuan stake holders menjalankan kata sepakat demi kepentingan antara keduanya, sekaligus keduanya adalah agen distribusi. Dengan implikasi hegemonis dan dominatif ini maka di tingkat masyarakat (petani) melakukan conter hegemoni sebagai aksi yang diperankan oleh negara dan bisnis.

The development with its system and paradigm has a purpose to create welfare for society and people of Indonesia. To bring the purpose and the goal into reality, it demands the cooperation or unity of three stakeholders, namely state, business circles, and society (peasant). In the reality, there are misuses of power perpetrated by those who have the authority. State, as a social institution to offer service for society, and business circles (industrialists) are easy to deceive society. In various fields, the social life and circumstance turn out to be in condition of increasing morbidity. Developmentalism demands social obedience, loyalty, and submission to state and industrialists’ defense. Society keeps on moaning and lamenting about life, which is dramatized/exploited by outside authority for their interests. A study of state and business circles’ hegemony and domination toward peasant was conducted in Baluk Hering Village, Tanjung Bunga Subdistrict, East Flores Regency of Nusa Tenggara Timur Province. The research was focused on the process of hegemony and domination of state and circles of business in cashew-nut production and distribution. State, as school of Marxian comprehended, is not a neutral institution, which is submissive to certain class only as well as served the interest of dominant groups. State and business circles carry out social control toward the society. The control shall be identified through two forms, i.e., domination and hegemony. Domination always emphasizes on coercive aspects by means of repressive apparatus, law regulation, bureaucracy, and others. Hegemony highlights more on the efforts to influence the undercontrolled social groups in order that they approve the existing relationship. Realities in the field indicated that the process of cashew-nut production and distribution in Baluk Hering Village was framed into two processes, namely domination and hegemony of the state (the government) and business circles. This was merely due to the developmentalism theorem saying that further the development would assist the improvement of peasant’s welfare (prosperity), however it resulted in just the opposite. The process of state and business circles’ domination and hegemony toward cashew-nut peasants has been carried out since the initial cultivation of cashew nut up to distribution phase. On production domain, the domination and hegemony were marked by the emergence of cashew-nut cultivate program planning, Bimas, and Bintek, and also by means of KUD. In distribution phase of New Order era, it was indicated by the consensus networking in bureaucratic intervention line, the usage of free and no-official reseal UTTP tool/device, and again, KUD was used as the instrument to sow the hegemony and domination seeds. In the era of striving for democratization while operating free market system, the practice of domination and hegemony keeps on be actualized. Law of Monopoly Practice and Consumer Protection was not effective and failed, indeed, because both government and business circles, as stakeholders’ unity, had been making agreement for the sake of their interests. Both of them performed as distribution agencies as well. Due to this hegemonic and dominated implication, on the society (peasant) level it is implemented the counter hegemony as an action played by the state and business circles.

Kata Kunci : Pembangunan Pertanian, Produksi dan Distribusi Jambu Mete, Negara dan Bisnis, State,Business Circles,Peasant, Hegemony, Domination, Development