OPTIMASI ALGORITMA PENJADWALAN MULTI KANAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KOMUNIKASI UPLINK PADA SISTEM LORA BERBASIS SATELIT

MAULANA ALI ARIFIN, Dr. Agfianto Eko Putra, M.Si.; Dr.-ing. Ir. Wahyudi Hasbi, S.Si., M.Kom.

2026 | Tesis | MAGISTER ELEKTRONIKA DAN INSTRUMENTASI

Indonesia merupakan negara kepulauan yang rawan terhadap bencana alam dan memiliki tantangan dalam penyediaan infrastruktur komunikasi, khususnya pada wilayah terpencil dan area terdampak bencana. Komunikasi Internet of Things (IoT) berbasis satelit Low Earth Orbit (LEO) menjadi salah satu solusi potensial untuk mendukung sistem pemantauan kebencanaan. Namun, penggunaan protokol akses berbasis ALOHA pada komunikasi LoRa Direct-to-Satellite (DtS) menyebabkan meningkatnya tabrakan paket dan penurunan throughput uplink pada kondisi kepadatan terminal tinggi.

Penelitian ini mengusulkan protokol Beacon-Synchronized Time Division Multiple Access (B-STDMA) sebagai mekanisme akses uplink terjadwal berbasis sinkronisasi beacon dan struktur frame TDMA. Selain konfigurasi single-channel, penelitian ini juga mengembangkan skema multi-channel untuk meningkatkan kapasitas sistem melalui penggunaan beberapa kanal uplink secara paralel. Evaluasi dilakukan melalui simulasi menggunakan parameter throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), latency, dan collision rate, serta dibandingkan dengan protokol Pure ALOHA dan Slotted ALOHA. Selain itu, dikembangkan prototype dual-channel receiver berbasis ESP8266 dan modul LoRa sebagai proof-of-concept implementasi sistem multi-channel.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa B-STDMA mampu mempertahankan collision rate mendekati nol selama kapasitas slot belum terlampaui serta menghasilkan throughput yang lebih stabil dibandingkan protokol berbasis ALOHA. Pada konfigurasi single-channel, throughput maksimum B-STDMA mencapai sekitar 0.95 pkt/s, lebih tinggi dibandingkan Pure ALOHA (~0.18 pkt/s) dan Slotted ALOHA (~0.36 pkt/s). Evaluasi multi-channel menunjukkan bahwa throughput meningkat menjadi sekitar 1.9 pkt/s pada konfigurasi dual-channel dan sekitar 5.8 pkt/s pada konfigurasi 8-channel. Implementasi prototype juga menunjukkan bahwa mekanisme multi-channel dapat direalisasikan menggunakan perangkat keras sederhana dengan kompleksitas yang relatif rendah.

Indonesia is an archipelagic country that is highly vulnerable to natural disasters and faces significant challenges in providing communication infrastructure, particularly in remote and disaster-affected areas. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite-based Internet of Things (IoT) communication has emerged as a potential solution to support disaster monitoring systems. However, the use of ALOHA-based access protocols in LoRa Direct-to-Satellite (DtS) communication increases packet collisions and reduces uplink throughput under high terminal density conditions.

This research proposes the Beacon-Synchronized Time Division Multiple Access (B-STDMA) protocol as a scheduled uplink access mechanism based on beacon synchronization and a TDMA frame structure. In addition to the single-channel configuration, this research also develops a multi-channel scheme to improve system capacity through the use of multiple parallel uplink channels. The evaluation was conducted through simulations using throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), latency, and collision rate as performance parameters, and compared against Pure ALOHA and Slotted ALOHA protocols. Furthermore, a dual-channel receiver prototype based on ESP8266 and LoRa modules was developed as a proof-of-concept implementation of the multi-channel system.

The results show that B-STDMA is capable of maintaining a near-zero collision rate as long as the slot capacity is not exceeded, while providing more stable throughput compared to ALOHA-based protocols. In the single-channel configuration, the maximum throughput of B-STDMA reached approximately 0.95 pkt/s, outperforming Pure ALOHA (~0.18 pkt/s) and Slotted ALOHA (~0.36 pkt/s). Multi-channel evaluation demonstrated that throughput increased to approximately 1.9 pkt/s in the dual-channel configuration and approximately 5.8 pkt/s in the 8-channel configuration. The prototype implementation also demonstrates that the multi-channel mechanism can be realized using simple hardware with relatively low complexity.

Kata Kunci : LoRa, LEO Satellite, Direct-to-Satellite IoT, B-STDMA, Multi-Channel