Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Bakteriofag Pengendali Vibrio parahaemolyticus dari Tambak Udang Vaname (Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931) di Kabupaten Bantul

Alya Putri Mezzaluna, Indah Istiqomah, S.Pi., M.Si., Ph.D.

2026 | Skripsi | BUDIDAYA PERIKANAN

Infeksi Vibrio parahaemolyticus menyebabkan kerugian industri budidaya udang vannamei (Penaeus vannamei). Pengendalian dengan antibiotik dapat memicu resistensi serta menimbulkan residu di lingkungan sehingga bakteriofag dipilih sebagai alternatif pengendalian V. parahaemolyticus karena lebih aman dan ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengarakterisasi bakteriofag pengendali Vibrio parahaemolyticus dari air tambak udang vannamei di Kabupaten Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Isolasi bakteriofag dari sampel air tambak dilakukan dengan metode double-layer agar. Karakterisasi bakteriofag dilakukan dengan pengamatan bentuk plak, morfologi virion, dan uji daya hambat terhadap tiga spesies Vibrio patogen.  Penelitian berhasil mengisolasi bakteriofag PA1 yang membentuk plak bulat kecil berdiameter 0,61 ± 0,31 mm dengan kepadatan sebesar 1,54 × 10^6 PFU/mL. Analisis morfologi dengan Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) menunjukkan kemiripan morfologi bakteriofag PA1 dengan famili Siphoviridae. Uji in vitro menunjukkan bakteriofag PA1 mampu menekan pertumbuhan Vibrio parahaemolyticus BKIPM, V. parahaemolyticus CVB, V. alginolyticus KL1HS4, dan Photobacterium damsela subsp. damsela GD05 pada enam jam inkubasi. Hasil penelitian ini mengindikasikan potensi Siphoviridae PA1 sebagai biokontrol terhadap Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus dan Photobacterium damsela subsp. damsela.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections cause significant economic losses in the Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) industry. To mitigate the risk of antibiotic resistance and environmental residue associated with antibiotics, bacteriophage have emerged as a safer, eco-firendly alternative for controlling Vibrio parahaemolyticus. This study aimed to isolate and characterize bacteriophages capable of controlling V. parahaemolyticus from shrimp pond water in Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Bacteriophage isolation from water samples was performed using the double-layer agar method. Characterization included plaque and virion morphology, and inhibition assay against three pathogenic Vibrio species. This study successfully isolated PA1 phage, which produced small circular plaques (0,61 ± 0,31 mm in diameter) with a titer of 1,54 × 10^6 PFU/mL. Morphological analysis via Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) revealed that PA1 exhibits structural characteristics consistent with the Siphoviridae family. In vitro assays demonstrated that PA1 phage effectively suppressed the growth of V. parahaemolyticus BKIPM, V. parahaemolyticus CVB, V. alginolyticus KL1HS4, and Photobacterium damselae subsp. damsela GD05 within six hours of incubation. These findings indicate the potential of the Siphoviridae PA1 phage as a biological control agent against V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, and P. damselae subsp. damsela.

Kata Kunci : biokontrol, Siphoviridae, udang vaname, transmission electron microscopy, Vibrio parahaemolyticus