Faktor sosial ekonomi yang berhubungan dengan tingkat asupan zat yodium pada ibu hamil di daerah endemik GAKY Kabupaten Gunung Kidul Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Jogjakarta

TORUNTJU, Sultan Akbar, Prof.dr. Hamam Hadi, MS.,Sc.D

2005 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat

Latar Belakang : Berbagai upaya penanggulangan GAKY telah dilakukan namun prevalensinya di Indonesia masih tinggi. TGR anak SD naik dari 9,8 % tahun 1998 menjadi 10,3 % thn 2003. Kabupaten Gunung Kidul TGR sebesar 12,2 % tahun 2002. Kemungkinan penyebab adalah konsumsi garam beryodium yang masih kurang 73,08 % tahun 2003. Penyebab lain diduga kurangnya asupan yodium makanan, konsumsi goitrogenik, sosial ekonomi yang rendah, pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku makan yang kurang baik, dll. Tujuan : Melihat hubungan antara Sosial Ekonomi, Pengetahuan, Sikap dan Perilaku Konsumsi Sumber Yodium dengan Tingkat Asupan Yodium pada Ibu Hamil. Metode : Penelitian kroseksional telah dilakukan. Mulai Oktober sampai Desember 2004 di 6 kecamatan endemik GAKY Kabupaten Gunung Kidul. Sampel 258 orang ibu hamil. Data asupan yodium sebagai variabel tergantung, dikumpul dengan Food Frequency Questionaire. Variabel bebas ada 7 : pendidikan ibu, pendapatan, pengeluaran pangan, jumlah tanggungan keluarga, pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku konsumsi yodium, telah dikumpul dengan kuesioner berskor. Statistik Pearson Corelation dan Odd Ratio, untuk analisis bivariat dan Multiple Regresi untuk analisis multivariat. Hasil : Rata-rata tingkat pendidikan 2,65 (tamat SD tidak tamat SMP). Ratarata tingkat pendapatan keluarga Rp.772712 (> UMR). Rata-rata tingkat pengeluaran pangan Rp.339380 (52,9 % dari total pengeluaran dan 43,9 % dari total pendapatan keluarga). Rata-rata Jumlah tanggungan keluarga 5 orang. Rata-rata tingkat asupan yodium 139,4 μg/hr. Rata-rata skor pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku berturut : 71,0 ; 109,7 dan 72,5. Analisis korelasi dengan Odd Ratio, : ada hubungan pendapatan dengan asupan yodium, (r² =0,189 ; OR=2,8). Ada hubungan pengeluaran pangan dengan asupan yodium, (r² =0,136 ; OR=2,0). Ada hubungan jumlah tanggungan keluarga dengan asupan yodium, (r² =0,252 ; OR=5,7). Ada hubungan sikap dengan asupan yodium, (r² =0,13 ; OR=2,1). Ada hubungan perilaku dengan asupan yodium, (r² =0,95 ; OR=11,2). Analisis regresi linear didapat variable perilaku yang punya kontribusi terbesar terhadap asupan yodium. Kesimpulan : Ada hubungan pengetahuan dengan asupan yodium. Ada hubungan pengeluaran pangan dengan asupan yodium. Ada hubungan jumlah tanggungan keluarga dengan asupan yodium. Ada hubungan sikap dengan asupan yodium dan ada hubungan perilaku dengan asupan yodium. Tidak ada hubungan pendidikan dengan asupan yodium, Tidak ada hubungan pengetahuan dengan asupan yodium. Uji regresi didapat perilaku mempunyai kontribusi terbesar terhadap asupan yodium.

Background: Many efforts have been made to overcome Iodine Deficiency Disease but its prevalence in Indonesia is still high. Total Goiter Rate (TGR) of elementary school children is rising from 9.8% in 1998 to 10.3% in 2003. In Gunungkidul District TGR is as high as 12.2% in 2002. The most possible cause is low iodine consumption which is 73.08% in 2003. Other possible causes are low iodine intake, goitrogenic consumption, low social economic life, knowledge, attitude and inappropriate eating behavior, etc. Objectives: To know the relationship betweeen social economic factors, knowledge, attitude and iodine consumption behavior with iodine intake of pregnant mothers. Methods: The study was a cross sectional type which was done from October – December 2004 at 6 subdistricts of IDD endemic area, Gunungkidul District. Samples consisted of 258 pregnant mothers. Iodine intake data as dependent variable were collected using Food Frequency Questionnaires. There were 7 independent variables: mothers' education, income, food expenditure, number of dependants, knowledge, attitude and iodine consumption behavior which were collected using scored questionnaires. Pearson Correlation and Odd Ratio were used for bivariate analysis whereas Multiple Regression was used for multivariate analysis. Results: Average level of education was 2.65 (elementary school graduate, junior high school drop out). Average family income was Rp 772,712 (>regional minimum wage). Average food expenditure was Rp 339,380 (52.9% of total expenditure and 43.9% of total family income). Average number of dependants was 5 persons. Average iodine intake was 139.4 μg/day. Average knowledge, attitude and behavior score was 71,0, 109.7 and 73.5 subsequently. Correlation analysis with odd ratio showed: there was relationship between income and iodine intake (r2 = 0.252; OR=5.7); there was relationship between attitude and iodine intake (r2 = 0.13; OR =2.1); there was relationship between behavior and iodine intake (r2 = 0.95; OR =11.2). Linear regression analysis showed that behavior variable had the greatest contribution to iodine intake. Conclusion: There was relationship between knowledge and iodine intake. There was relationship between food expenditure and iodine intake. There was relationship between number of dependants and iodine intake. There was relationship between attitude and iodine intake and there was relationship between behavior and iodine intake. There was no relationship between knowledge and iodine intake

Kata Kunci : Gizi Ibu Hamil,Endemik GAKY,Asupan Zat Yodium, education, income, food expenditure, dependants, knowledge, attitude and beha vior, iodine intake, pregnant mothers