KRITISISME PENGETAHUAN: STUDI KOMPARATIF PEMIKIRAN IMMANUEL KANT DAN ISMAIL RAJI AL-FARUQI SERTA RELEVANSINYA DENGAN PENGEMBANGAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN DAN TEKNOLOGI DI INDONESIA

Mohamad Topan, Prof. Dr. Rr. Siti Murtiningsih., S.S., M.Hum. ; Dr. Agus Himmawan Utomo, M.Hum.

2026 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Filsafat

Penelitian ini berjudul Kritisisme Pengetahuan: Studi Komparatif Pemikiran Immanuel Kant dan Ismail Raji al-Faruqi serta Relevansinya dengan Pengembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh dikotomi antara ilmu agama dan ilmu umum, sekularisasi pengetahuan modern yang kehilangan orientasi etis, serta kemunduran peradaban Islam akibat penerimaan buta terhadap paradigma keilmuan Barat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan konsep kritisisme pengetahuan kedua tokoh, menemukan persamaan dan perbedaannya, merumuskan sintesis pemikiran keduanya, serta menguji relevansinya bagi pengembangan IPTEK di Indonesia.

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif di bidang filsafat dengan model kepustakaan (liibrary research). Objek materialnya adalah pemikiran Immanuel Kant dan Ismail Raji al-Faruqi tentang kritisisme pengetahuan, sedangkan objek formalnya adalah struktur epistemologis kritisisme pengetahuan dalam perspektif komparatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui dokumentasi dan penelusuran sumber primer serta sekunder. Analisis data menggunakan metode hermeneutika kritis dengan unsur-unsur deskripsi, interpretasi, verstehen, komparatif, heuristika, dan sintesis.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Kant mengembangkan kritisisme transendental yang membatasi pengetahuan pada dunia fenomena dengan ruang, waktu, dan dua belas kategori sebagai forma a priori, serta menjadikan Tuhan sebagai ide regulatif. Al-Faruqi mengembangkan kritisisme berbasis tauhid yang mengintegrasikan wahyu, akal, dan pengalaman, dengan Tuhan sebagai fondasi konstitutif. Persamaan kedua tokoh meliputi komitmen terhadap rasionalitas kritis, penolakan dogmatisme, dan pengakuan atas keterbatasan akal. Perbedaan mendasar terletak pada sumber pengetahuan, status Tuhan, batas pengetahuan, forma a priori, serta tujuan ilmu. Sintesis pemikiran keduanya melahirkan paradigma Kritisisme Islami yang mengintegrasikan otonomi akal Kantian dengan prinsip tauhid al-Faruqi. Paradigma ini relevan bagi pengembangan IPTEK di Indonesia karena menawarkan kerangka integratif untuk mengatasi dikotomi pendidikan, ketergantungan teknologi, dan rendahnya budaya riset. Implikasinya mencakup rekonstruksi kurikulum berbasis nilai, kebijakan riset berorientasi Maqashid Syariah, serta penguatan etika teknologi nasional.

This research is entitled Criticism of Knowledge: A Comparative Study of the Thought of Immanuel Kant and Ismail Raji al-Faruqi and Its Relevance to the Development of Science and Technology in Indonesia. This research is motivated by the dichotomy between religious knowledge and general knowledge, the secularization of modern knowledge which has lost its ethical orientation, and the decline of Islamic civilization due to blind acceptance of Western scientific paradigms. The objectives of this research are to describe the concept of criticism of knowledge in both thinkers, to identify their similarities and differences, to formulate a synthesis of their thoughts, and to examine its relevance for the development of science and technology in Indonesia.

This research is a qualitative study in the field of philosophy using a library research model. Its material object is the thought of Immanuel Kant and Ismail Raji al-Faruqi concerning criticism of knowledge, while its formal object is the epistemological structure of criticism of knowledge from a comparative perspective. Data collection was carried out through documentation and the tracing of relevant primary and secondary sources. Data analysis employed the method of critical hermeneutics with its constitutive elements, namely description, interpretation, verstehen, comparative, heuristics, and synthesis.

The findings of this research indicate that Kant developed a transcendental criticism that limits human knowledge to the phenomenal world, employing space, time, and the twelve categories as a priori forms, while positing God as a regulative idea. Al-Faruqi, by contrast, developed a criticism based on tawhid that integrates revelation, reason, and experience, with God as a constitutive foundation. The points of similarity between the two thinkers include their commitment to critical rationality, their rejection of dogmatism, and their acknowledgment of the limits of human reason. Fundamental differences lie in their sources of knowledge, the status of God, the limits of knowledge, the nature of a priori forms, and the ultimate purpose of science. The synthesis of their thought gives rise to a new paradigm, namely Islamic Criticism, which integrates Kantian autonomy of reason with al-Faruqi's principle of tawhid. This paradigm is relevant to the development of science and technology in Indonesia because it offers an integrative framework for addressing the dichotomy in education, technological dependency, and the weakness of research culture. Its implications include a value-based reconstruction of curricula, research policies oriented toward Maqashid al-Shariah, and the strengthening of national technology ethics.

Kata Kunci : criticism of knowledge, Immanuel Kant, Ismail Raji al-Faruqi, Islamic Criticism, development of science and technology, Indonesia.