Deteksi Gen Resisten Antibiotik tetA, qnrS, sul1, ermB Pada Unit Budidaya Ikan dan Udang di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dengan Multipleks PCR

Mariza Lalita Firdha, Dr. Dini Wahyu Kartika Sari, S.Pi., M.Si.

2026 | Skripsi | BUDIDAYA PERIKANAN

Resistensi antibiotik telah menjadi ancaman global yang serius, termasuk dalam sektor akuakultur yang dapat menurunkan efektivitas pengendalian penyakit ikan dan udang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan gen resisten antibiotik tetA, qnrS, sul1, dan ermB pada air budidaya dan komoditas ikan serta udang di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta menggunakan metode multipleks PCR. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di sembilan lokasi yang tersebar di Kabupaten Sleman, Bantul, Kulon Progo, dan Kota Yogyakarta, mencakup sampel air inlet, air kolam, serta komoditas budidaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari empat gen yang diuji, hanya gen qnrS dan sul1 yang terdeteksi, sementara gen tetA dan ermB tidak ditemukan pada seluruh sampel. Gen resisten antibiotik terdeteksi pada lima dari sembilan lokasi pengambilan sampel (S1, S2, S3, Y2, dan K1). Keberadaan gen sul1 dan qnrS tertinggi ditemukan pada sampel air yang bersumber dari sungai, masing-masing sebesar 38?n 33,3%. Pada komoditas budidaya gen sul1 14,2?n qnrS 7,1% hanya terdeteksi pada ikan, sedangkan pada komoditas udang seluruh gen target tidak terdeteksi 0%. Faktor praktik budidaya sangat memengaruhi keberadaan gen resisten antibiotik, unit budidaya dengan riwayat penggunaan antibiotik menunjukkan keberadaan gen qnrS sebesar 37,5?n sul1 sebesar 25%. Penggunaan pupuk kandang berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan temuan gen resisten di lingkungan kolam. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa distribusi gen resisten antibiotik di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta bervariasi berdasarkan sumber air, dan praktik budidaya, dengan penggunaan sumber air sungai dan penggunaan antibiotik menjadi jalur utama penyebaran resistensi.

Antibiotic resistance has become a serious global threat, including within the aquaculture sector, where it can reduce the effectiveness of disease control in fish and shrimp. This study aimed to detect the presence of the antibiotic resistance genes tetA, qnrS, sul1, and ermB in aquaculture water and fish and shrimp products in the Yogyakarta Special Region using multiplex PCR. Sampling was carried out at nine locations spread across Sleman, Bantul, and Kulon Progo Regencies and the City of Yogyakarta, covering inlet water, pond water, and farmed products. The results showed that of the four genes tested, only the qnrS and sul1 genes were detected, the tetA and ermB genes were not found in any of the samples. Antibiotic resistance genes were detected at five of the nine sampling locations (S1, S2, S3, Y2, and K1). The highest prevalence of the sul1 and qnrS genes was found in water samples sourced from rivers, at 38% and 33.3% respectively. In aquaculture commodities, the sul1 gene 14.2% and qnrS gene 7.1% were detected only in fish, whereas in shrimp commodities, none of the target genes were detected 0%. Aquaculture practices significantly influence the presence of antibiotic-resistant genes; aquaculture units with a history of antibiotic use showed a presence of the qnrS gene at 37.5% and the sul1 gene at 25%. The use of manure contributes to an increase in the detection of resistant genes in pond environments. This study concludes that the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in Yogyakarta Special Region varies according to water source, and aquaculture practices, with the use of river water and the use of antibiotics being the primary pathways for the spread of resistance.

Kata Kunci : Gen resisten antibiotik, qnrS, sul1, Multipleks PCR