National security in foreign direct investment law: a comparative analysis of South Korea's screening mechanism and Indonesia's sectoral approach.

Taeha Hwang, Royhan Akbar, S.H., LL.M.

2026 | Skripsi | ILMU HUKUM

Penanaman Modal Asing (PMA) memiliki peran penting dalam pembangunan ekonomi nasional, namun juga dapat menimbulkan kekhawatiran terkait keamanan nasional ketika investor asing memperoleh akses terhadap sektor strategis atau teknologi sensitif. Berbagai negara mengadopsi pendekatan regulasi yang berbeda untuk menyeimbangkan keterbukaan investasi dengan perlindungan kepentingan nasional. Penelitian ini mengkaji perbedaan antara mekanisme penyaringan keamanan nasional dalam Foreign Investment Promotion Act (FIPA) Korea Selatan beserta Amendmen Enforcement Decree tahun 2024 dengan kerangka pembatasan sektoral Indonesia berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanaman Modal dan rezim Daftar Positif Investasi yang diimplementasikan melalui sistem perizinan berusaha berbasis risiko.

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan perbandingan hukum. Penelitian ini menggunakan bahan hukum primer berupa peraturan perundang-undangan terkait penanaman modal di Indonesia dan Korea Selatan, serta bahan hukum sekunder seperti literatur akademik, jurnal hukum, dan laporan kebijakan. Analisis dilakukan secara kualitatif melalui interpretasi doktrinal dan analisis perbandingan hukum.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia menerapkan model pengaturan investasi berbasis klasifikasi sektoral secara ex ante melalui sistem perizinan berbasis risiko, sedangkan Korea Selatan menerapkan mekanisme penyaringan investasi yang bersifat transaksi-spesifik dan berfokus pada teknologi strategis. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa Indonesia dapat memperkuat kerangka regulasinya dengan memperluas interpretasi kepentingan nasional, memperkenalkan mekanisme penyaringan terbatas, serta meningkatkan koordinasi antar kementerian.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) significantly contributes to national economic development; but it may also pose national security risks when foreign companies get access to vital sectors or sensitive technologies. Various jurisdictions implement different regulatory approaches to balance investment openness and national security protection. This study analyzes the distinctions between South Korea’s Foreign Investment Promotion Act (FIPA) and its 2024 Enforcement Decree Amendment concerning national security screening, and Indonesia’s sectoral restriction framework established by Law No. 25 of 2007, along with the Positive Investment List system implemented through Indonesia’s risk-based business licensing approach.

This study utilizes normative legal research through statutory and comparative methodologies. The research relies on primary legal sources from Indonesian and South Korean investment regulations, supported by secondary legal materials including scholarly literature, legal comments, and policy papers. The analysis is carried out qualitatively by doctrinal interpretation and comparative analysis.

The study reveals that Indonesia utilizes a sectoral and ex ante classification methodology predicated on risk-based licensing, whereas South Korea implements a transaction-specific national security screening process centered on strategic technologies. The study suggests that Indonesia may enhance its regulatory framework by expanding the definition of national interests, implementing a limited screening mechanism, and improving inter-ministerial coordination.

Kata Kunci : Foreign Direct Investment, National Security, Investment Screening Mechanism, Sectoral Restriction, Risk-Based Business Licensing, Indonesia, South Korea, Comparative Investment Law.