Struktur Komunitas Makroinvertebrata Bentik sebagai Bioindikator Kualitas Ekosistem Sungai Gajahwong, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Vara Dellya, Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Andhika Puspito Nugroho, S.Si., M.Si.

2026 | Skripsi | BIOLOGI

Tekanan antropogenik seperti urbanisasi, perubahan penggunaan lahan, pembuangan limbah domestik dan aktivitas industri dapat menurunkan kualitas serta fungsi ekologis sungai. Kondisi tersebut juga terjadi di Sungai Gajahwong yang dipengaruhi oleh berbagai aktivitas di sekitarnya. Salah satu cara mengevaluasi kualitas perairan tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui bioindikator menggunakan makroinvertebrata bentik yang dapat  mencerminkan kondisi ekologis dalam periode waktu yang panjang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis struktur komunitas dan Functional Feeding Groups (FFG) makroinvertebrata bentik, menilai kualitas ekosistem Sungai Gajahwong berdasarkan parameter fisika-kimia perairan, serta mengevaluasi peran makroinvertebrata bentik sebagai bioindikator kualitas ekosistem sungai. Metode yang digunakan yaitu indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener, Indeks kemerataan Pielou’s, Indeks dominansi Simpson’s, analisis Indeks EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) dan analisis Indeks Biotik Famili (IBF), serta analisis statistik Anova (Kruskal-Wallis, PERMANOVA) dan analisis multivariat (Canonical Correspondence Analysis, Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa struktur komunitas dan Functional Feeding Groups (FFG) makroinvertebrata bentik di Sungai Gajahwong tidak berbeda signifikan antar stasiun, meskipun terdapat variasi yang dipengaruhi oleh kondisi fisika-kimia perairan dan tekanan antropogenik. Kualitas ekosistem sungai bervariasi sepanjang gradien hulu-hilir, dengan kondisi yang relatif lebih baik pada segmen hulu bawah (G2) dan tengah (G3) dibandingkan segmen lainnya. Selain itu, komunitas makroinvertebrata bentik didominasi oleh kelompok Collectors, sedangkan kelompok sensitif (EPT) lebih banyak ditemukan pada segmen dengan kualitas perairan yang lebih baik, menunjukkan keterkaitan antara struktur komunitas, FFG, dan kondisi kualitas ekosistem sungai.

Anthropogenic pressures such as urbanization, land use change, domestic waste disposal, and industrial activities can reduce the quality and ecological function of rivers. These conditions also occur in the Gajahwong Stream, which is affected by various activities in the surrounding area. One way to evaluate water quality is through bioindicators using benthic macroinvertebrates, which can reflect ecological conditions over a long period of time. This study aims to analyze the community structure and Functional Feeding Groups (FFG) of benthic macroinvertebrates, assess the quality of the Gajahwong River ecosystem based on water physicochemical parameters, and evaluate the role of benthic macroinvertebrates as bioindicators of river ecosystem quality. The methods used were the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou's evenness index, Simpson's dominance index, EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) index analysis and Biotic Family Index (IBF) analysis, as well as Anova statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis, PERMANOVA) and multivariate analysis (Canonical Correspondence Analysis, Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling). The results showed that the community structure and Functional Feeding Groups (FFG) of benthic macroinvertebrates in the Gajahwong Stream did not differ significantly between stations, although there were variations influenced by the physical-chemical conditions of the water and anthropogenic pressures. The quality of river ecosystems varies along the upstream-downstream gradient, with conditions that are relatively better in the lower upstream (G2) and middle (G3) segments compared to other segments. In addition, the benthic macroinvertebrate community is dominated by the Collectors group, while the sensitive group (EPT) is more commonly found in segments with better water quality, indicating a relationship between community structure, FFG, and river ecosystem quality conditions.

Kata Kunci : Sungai Gajahwong, Makroinvertebrata Bentik, Functional Feeding Groups, Tekanan antropogenik, Kualitas air