Pola Distribusi Asma Bronkial di Unit Penyakit Anak RSUP DR. Sardjito Tahun 1992-1996

Henny Wulandari , Dr. Hadianto Ismangun, DSA.; dr. Heru Pradjatmo, DSOG

1998 | Skripsi | S1 PENDIDIKAN DOKTER

Latar Belakang Kira-kira 2-20% populasi anak di dunia dilaporkan pernah menderita asma. Sedangkan angka kejadian asma di Indonesia berkisar 5-10%. Asma bronkial juga merupakan penyebab utama terjadinya penyakit kronik pada anak yang menyebabkan hilangnya hari sekolah karena komplikasi yang ditimbulkan. Tujuan Mengetahui gambaran penderita mengenai umur dan jenis kelamin, serta gambaran penyakit asma bronkial yaitu mengenai Riwayat Penyakit Keluarga, Riwayat Penyakit Dahulu, jenis penyakit penyerta, serta gejala klinis. Dengan diketahuinya gambaran tersebut akan sangat membantu dalam menentukan dasar terapi sehingga sangat penting artinya untuk penentuan strategi pengelolaan penyakit asma bronkial yang tepat dan efektif. Subyek penelitian adalah penderita asma bronkial yang dirawat inap di unit penyakit anak RSUP. Dr. Sardjito selama kurun 1992-1996. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif-retrospektif non eksperimental. Data diambil dari bagian rekam medis kemudian disajikan dalam bentuk tabel dan diagram. Hasil Penelitian gambaran penderita asma bronkial lebih banyak diderita penderita laki-laki sebanyak 88 kasus (64,23%) dan terbanyak terjadi pada usia 5- 12 tahun yang mencapai 60 kasus (43,79%). Sebagian besar penderita asma bronkial mempunyai RPK dan RPD positif. Riwayat asma bronkial pada keluarga merupakan RPK terbanyak yaitu sebanyak 38 penderita (37,62%). Riwayat asma bronkial, riwayat atopi atau riwayat sesak nafas yang bersifat kumat-kumatan merupakan RPD yang terbanyak yaitu pada 49 penderita (52,69%). Infeksi pada saluran pernafasan dan paru non-spesifik merupakan penyakit penyerta serangan asma terbanyak dengan jumlah 55 kasus (51,89%). Gejala klinis asma bronkial terutama adalah sesak nafas (96,35%), batuk (91,97%), "wheezing" (73,72%), dan demam (94,89%). Gejala klinis yang lain yaitu ronki (61,31%), retraksi dinding dada (54,74%), ekspirium yang diperpanjang (29,20%), pernafasan cuping hidung (13,87%), dan sianosis (12,41%).

Background: Approximately 2-20% of the children population in the world have suffered from asthma. As for Indonesia the rate of cases is ranges from 5-10%. Bronchial Asthma is also the main cause of chronic disease in children as well as loss of schooling day due to complications of the disease. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to observe the trend of patients base on age, sex and the trend of the disease itself, i.e. family history, previous history, accompanying diseases and clinical signs. With the discription of the trends mentioned, it is hoped that the information will be able to help in the therapy and management of bronchial asthma. Subjects: The patients of bronchial asthma that were given in patient treatment at the pediatric unit of Dr. Sardjito Hospital for the year 1992-1996 were the subjects of this study used a description-retrospective non experimental method of which the data was taken from their medical records. The result were then discussed in the form of tables and diagrams. Results: Among the patients, there were more male patients with 88 cases (64,23%) which mostly occurred in the range of 5-12 years with 60 cases (43,79%). Majority of the asthma sufferers had positive previous and family history. About 38 patients (37,62%) had positive family history. As for previous medical history, atopy and paroxysm dyspnea ( suffocation) were the most found i.e. with 49 cases (52,64%). Respiratory tract and non-specific lung tract infection were the most frequent accompanying disease of asthma with total of 55 cases (51,89%). The main clinical sign of asthma was breathing diffficulty (96,13%), cough (91,97%), wheezing (73,72%) and fever (94,89%). Other clinical signs include ronchi (61,31%), chest retraction (54- 74%), longer expiration (29,20%), nasal flaring (13,89%) and cyanosis (12,41%).

Kata Kunci : asma bronkial, kesehatan anak, Infeksi, saluran pernafasan