Studi Ekologis dan Molekuler Eumorphus sp. dalam Penyebaran Ganoderma Boninense di Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Zona Pesisir dan Pedalaman Sulawesi

Rivaldi Pratama, Prof. Dr. Ir. Siti Subandiyah, M.Agr.Sc

2026 | Tesis | S2 Fitopatologi

Penyakit busuk pangkal batang (Basal Stem Rot/BSR) yang disebabkan oleh Ganoderma boninense merupakan salah satu kendala utama dalam produksi kelapa sawit di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis potensi Eumorphus sp. sebagai serangga pembawa (carrier) basidiospora serta hubungannya dengan variasi intensitas BSR pada perkebunan kelapa sawit di zona pedalaman (Sulawesi Selatan, SS) dan zona pesisir (Sulawesi Barat, SB). Survei lapangan dilakukan pada delapan lokasi perkebunan untuk mengumpulkan serangga yang berasosiasi dengan tubuh buah Ganoderma serta mengamati insidensi dan keparahan penyakit. Isolat jamur diidentifikasi secara morfologi dan molekuler melalui amplifikasi region ITS, sedangkan identifikasi serangga dilakukan secara morfologi dan molekuler menggunakan primer LCO1490 dan HCO2198 yang menarget gen Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I (COI). Analisis filogenetik menunjukkan bahwa isolat jamur yang berasosiasi dengan imago Eumorphus sp. berada dalam satu klade dengan G. boninense. Seluruh sampel serangga (imago dan larva) yang ditemukan pada tubuh buah Ganoderma berasal dari genus Eumorphus. Deteksi basidiospora menggunakan PCR menunjukkan keberadaan DNA Ganoderma pada permukaan tubuh maupun jaringan internal Eumorphus sp. Analisis intensitas penyakit menunjukkan bahwa insidensi BSR di zona pesisir berkisar antara 4,63-13,00%, sedangkan di zona pedalaman berkisar antara 4,63-10,60%, dengan insidensi tertinggi masing-masing ditemukan pada lokasi SB4 (13,00%) dan SS4 (10,60%). Tingkat keparahan penyakit berkisar antara 2,24-7,45% di zona pesisir dan 2,245,48% di zona pedalaman, dengan nilai tertinggi juga tercatat pada SB4 (7,45%) dan SS4 (5,48%). Analisis statistik menggunakan uji Welch menunjukkan bahwa insidensi dan keparahan penyakit di zona pesisir secara signifikan lebih tinggi dibandingkan zona pedalaman (p < 0>Eumorphus sp., deteksi basidiospora pada tubuh serangga, dan tingginya intensitas BSR, yang mengindikasikan bahwa serangga ini berpotensi berperan dalam penyebaran basidiospora G. boninense di perkebunan kelapa sawit.

Basal Stem Rot (BSR) caused by Ganoderma boninense is one of the major constraints to oil palm production in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the potential role of Eumorphus sp. as a carrier of basidiospores and its association with variations in BSR intensity in inland plantations (South Sulawesi, SS) and coastal plantations (West Sulawesi, SB). Field surveys were conducted at eight plantation sites to collect insects associated with Ganoderma basidiocarps and to assess disease incidence and severity. Fungal isolates were identified morphologically and molecularly through amplification of the ITS region, while insect identification was performed using morphological characters and molecular analysis with primers LCO1490 and HCO2198 targeting the Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that fungal isolates associated with adult Eumorphus sp. clustered within the same clade as G. boninense. All insect samples (adults and larvae) collected from Ganoderma basidiocarps belonged to the genus Eumorphus. PCR-based detection of basidiospores confirmed the presence of Ganoderma DNA on both the external body surface and internal tissues of Eumorphus sp. Disease intensity analysis showed that BSR incidence ranged from 4.63% to 13.00% in coastal sites and from 4.63% to 10.60% in inland sites. The highest disease incidence was recorded at SB4 (13.00%) and SS4 (10.60%). Similarly, disease severity ranged from 2.24% to 7.45% in coastal plantations and from 2.24% to 5.48% in inland plantations, with the highest severity observed at SB4 (7.45%) and SS4 (5.48%). Statistical analysis using Welch’s t-test indicated that both disease incidence and severity were significantly higher in coastal plantations compared with inland plantations (p < 0>Eumorphus sp., the detection of Ganoderma basidiospores on insect bodies, and increased BSR intensity, indicating that this beetle may contribute to the dispersal of G. boninense basidiospores in oil palm plantations.

Kata Kunci : Busuk pangkal batang, Eumoprhus sp., Ganoderma, Kelapa sawit.