Penghidupan Masyarakat Berkelanjutan Berbasis Tipologi Dan Karakteristik Wilayah Kepesisiran Di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Asmorowati, Prof. Dr. M. Baiquni, M.A.

2025 | Disertasi | S3 Geografi

Masyarakat wilayah kepesisiran sangat bergantung pada sumber daya alam yang terdapat di wilayah pertemuan antara darat dan laut. Pendekatan Penghidupan Berkelanjutan digunakan untuk memahami strategi penghidupan dan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menemukenali tipologi dan karakteristik wilayah kepesisiran di DIY; (2) menganalisis kerentanan berbasis tipologi dan karakteristik wilayah kepesisiran di DIY: (a) menganalisis kerentanan wilayah kepesisiran di DIY, (b) menganalisis kerentanan masyarakat wilayah kepesisiran di DIY; dan (3) mengevaluasi penghidupan masyarakat berkelanjutan berbasis tipologi dan karakteristik wilayah kepesisiran di DIY: (a) menganalisis modal penghidupan masyarakat wilayah kepesisiran di DIY, (b) menganalisis kebijakan di wilayah kepesisiran di DIY, (c) menganalisis strategi penghidupan masyarakat wilayah kepesisiran di DIY. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif dengan teknik survei. Data primer diperoleh dari 283 rumah tangga di wilayah Trisik, Parangtritis, dan Baron. Metode penelitian kualitatif dengan teknik wawancara mendalam dengan delapan tokoh masyarakat mendapatkan informasi tentang spiritual-transcendental dan kearifan lokasi hamemayu hayuning bawana di DIY.

Pengumpulan data primer juga dilakukan melalui observasi lapangan. Data sekunder dikumpukan meliputi model elevasi digital, citra satelit, dan data statistik. Analisis data hasil survei menggunakan metode Principal Component Analysis (PCA) pada perangkat lunak Stata 17. Analisis kerentanan wilayah kepesisiran menggunakan persamaan Gornitz untuk menghitung Indeks Kerentanan Kepesisiran atau Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI).

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa wilayah kepesisiran Trisik memiliki tipologi marine deposition coast dengan material utama pasir serta penggunaan lahan meliputi pertanian, perikanan, pemukiman dan pariwisata. Indeks Kerentanan Kepesisiran (CVI) Trisik tinggi dan kerentanan masyarakat wilayah kepesisiran paling tinggi. Modal penghidupan masyarakat menonjol pada modal manusia dan modal finansial. Rerata persepsi terhadap kebijakan yang dirasakan masyarakat sebanyak sembilan kebijakan. Strategi penghidupan utama yaitu intensifikasi dan kerja tambahan. Wilayah kepesisiran Parangtritis pada Pantai Depok memiliki tipologi marine deposition coast, dengan material utama pasir serta penggunaan lahan perikanan dan pariwisata. Pantai Parangkusumo dengan tipologi aeolian coast, material utama pasir, dan penggunan lahan pariwisata gumuk pasir. Pantai Parangtritis dengan tipologi primer structurally shaped coast pada ujung timur dan marine deposition coast dengan material utama pasir dan penggunaan lahan pemukiman dan pairiwisata. Indeks Kerentanan Kepesisiran (CVI) Parangtritis sedang dan kerentanan masyarakat paling rendah. Modal penghidupan masyarakat unggul pada modal sosial. Rata-rata empat kebijakan yang dirasakan masyarakat dan strategi penghidupan masyarakat yang dominan berupa diversifikasilapangan usaha. Wilayah kepesisiran Baron memiliki tipologi primer land erosion coast dan tipologi sekunder wave erosion coast dan marine deposition coast. Material utama batu gamping (karst) dengan penggunaan lahan perikanan dan pariwisata. Indeks Kerentanan Kepesisiran (CVI) Baron sedang dan kerentanan masyarakat wilayah kepesisiran sedang. Kelima modal penghidupan berimbang. Rata-rata tujuh kebijakan yang dirasakan oleh masyarakat dan strategi penghidupan masyarakat yaitu dominan yaitu ekstensifikasi dan kerja tambahan. Kehidupan dan penghidupan masyarakat wilayah kepesisiran memiliki modal berupa spiritual transcendental dan kearifan lokal hamemayu hayuning bawana yang dilakukan dengan upaya menjaga lingkungan.

Studi penghidupan masyarakat berkelanjutan berbasis tipologi dan karakteristik wilayah kepesisiran ini berkontribusi pada pengelolaan wilayah kepesisiran secara terpadu, khususnya di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya menyelaraskan analisis penghidupan berkelanjutan berbasis aspek lokasi fisik dan sosio-ekonomi masyarakat dalam upaya pengentasan kemiskinan.

Coastal communities are highly dependent on natural resources found in the interface between land and sea. Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) is employed to understand livelihood strategies and to enhance community well-being. This study aims to: (1) identify the typology and characteristics of coastal areas in the Special Region of

Yogyakarta or Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY); (2) analyze vulnerability based on the typology and characteristics of coastal areas in DIY, including (a) the vulnerability of coastal areas (Coastal Vulnerability Index) and (b) the vulnerability of coastal communities; and (3) evaluate sustainable livelihoods based on the typology and

characteristics of coastal areas in DIY, including (a) analyzing the livelihood assets of coastal communities, (b) analyzing coastal-related policies, and (c) analyzing livelihood strategies of coastal communities. A quantitative research design was employed using a survey method. Primary data were collected from 283 households in Trisik, Parangtritis, and Baron coastal areas. A qualitative approach was also applied through in-depth interviews with eight community leaders to obtain insights into spiritual-transcendental values and local wisdom, hamemayu hayuning bawana, in the Special Region of Yogyakarta coastal region. Primary data collection was further supported by field observations, while secondary data included digital elevation models, satellite imagery, and statistical data. Survey data were analyzed using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method in Stata 17 software. Coastal vulnerability analysis applied the Gornitz equation to calculate the Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI).

The findings indicate that the Trisik coastal area is characterized by a marine deposition coast typology with sand as the dominant material and land uses including agriculture, fisheries, settlement, and tourism. The CVI indicates a high level of coastal vulnerability, with the highest degree of community vulnerability among the study sites. Livelihood assets in Trisik are dominated by human and financial capital, with community perceptions reflecting an average of nine relevant government policies. The main livelihood strategies observed are intensification and supplementary work. The Parangtritis coastal area—particularly Depok Beach—has a marine deposition coast typology, with sand as the primary material and land uses dominated by fisheries and tourism. Parangkusumo Beach is characterized by an aeolian coast typology with sand as

the main material and land use focused on dune tourism, while Parangtritis Beach features a primary structurally shaped coast typology in the eastern section and marine deposition coast elsewhere, with sand as the main material and land use dominated by settlements and tourism. The CVI for Parangtritis indicates a moderate level of vulnerability, with the lowest community vulnerability among the sites. Social capital is the dominant livelihood asset, with community perceptions averaging four relevant policies, and diversification of economic activities as the primary livelihood strategy. The Baron coastal area exhibits a primary land erosion coast typology and secondary wave erosion and marine deposition coasts, with limestone (karst) as the main material and land use focusing on fisheries and tourism. The CVI for Baron also indicates a moderate level of coastal and community vulnerability, with livelihood assets evenly distributed across all five capitals. The community perceives an average of seven related policies, and the dominant livelihood strategies are extensification and supplementary work. Overall, the livelihoods of coastal communities are supported by spiritualtranscendental assets and the local wisdom of hamemayu hayuning bawana, manifested through environmental stewardship efforts. This study on sustainable livelihoods based on coastal typology and characteristics contributes to integrated coastal zone management, particularly in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. It highlights the importance of aligning sustainable livelihood analysis with both the physical and socioeconomic dimensions of coastal communities to support poverty alleviation efforts.

Kata Kunci : penghidupan keberlanjutan, tipologi dan karakteristik, wilayah kepesisiran,sustainable livelihood, coastal, typology