Kajian Perubahan Tutupan Lahan Terhadap Kerusakan Lingkungan di Hulu DAS Wawar, Kabupaten Wonosobo

Roro Crisanthy Suparyanto, Dr. Danang Sri Hadmoko, S.Si., M.Sc.; Dr. Muhammad Anggri Setiawan, S.Si., M.Si.

2026 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Lingkungan

Perubahan lingkungan di Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) dipengaruhi oleh interaksi komponen abiotik, biotik, dan sosial dalam suatu sistem sosial-ekologi. Tekanan antropogenik berupa alih fungsi lahan berpotensi menurunkan kualitas lingkungan dan mengganggu keberlanjutan fungsi DAS. Penelitian ini menilai kondisi lingkungan aktual di DAS Wawar Hulu menggunakan indeks hemeroby berbasis perubahan tutupan lahan, serta mengukur persepsi sosial melalui indeks persepsi masyarakat. Tujuan penelitian meliputi: (1) menganalisis besar dan laju perubahan tutupan lahan, (2) mengevaluasi tingkat kerusakan lingkungan aktual dan persepsi masyarakat, serta (3) merumuskan strategi pengelolaan lingkungan berbasis kerangka Sistem Sosial-Ekologi (SES). Analisis tutupan lahan dilakukan menggunakan citra Landsat multi-temporal tahun 1995–2025 dengan algoritma Maximum Likelihood Classification. 

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa selama periode 1995–2025 terjadi penurunan signifikan pada tutupan hutan lahan kering primer dan sekunder, masing-masing sebesar 1.294,04 ha dan 3.395,85 ha. Sebaliknya, tutupan daerah pertanian dan lahan terbangun mengalami peningkatan luas yang dominan, masing-masing bertambah sebesar 4.250,85 ha dan 1.040,69 ha. Perubahan tutupan lahan tersebut mencerminkan pergeseran struktur ruang DAS Wawar Hulu dari tutupan alami menuju tutupan terbangun dalam jangka panjang. Dinamika tingkat kerusakan lingkungan aktual berdasarkan indeks hemeroby menunjukkan tren peningkatan secara temporal. Pada tahun 1995 didominasi oleh kerusakan rendah dan sangat rendah (71,43?n 23,81%); tahun 2005 didominasi kerusakan rendah dan sedang (76,19?n 14,29%); tahun 2015 tingkat kerusakan rendah menrun (61,90%) dan kerusakan sedang meningkat (23,81%); sedangkan tahun 2025 didominasi tingkat kerusakan sedang (52,38%) dan terdapat kerusakan tinggi (9,52%). Dinamika tingkat kerusakan lingkungan berdasarkan indeks hemeroby dipengaruhi perubahan tutupan lahan dari proses deforestasi berat dan degradasi hutan pada periode 1995-2015 dan proses ekspansi pertanian pada periode 2015-2025. Persepsi sosial tingkat kerusakan lingkungan sebagian besar berada pada tingkat sedang (76,19%). Walaupun terdapat korelasi positif yang kuat (r = 0,6968; p < 0>

Integrasi kondisi lingkungan aktual berdasarkan indeks hemeroby dan persepsi sosial menghasilkan empat prioritas intervensi pengelolaan, yaitu strategi restoratif dan pengendalian struktural, sosial–institusional dan pengendalian preventif, protektif dan pemeliharaan struktural, serta antisipatif dan pengendalian dini. Pendekatan ini menyediakan kerangka pengelolaan yang kontekstual, adaptif, dan berbasis bukti empiris untuk mendukung pengendalian tekanan lingkungan dan pengelolaan DAS secara berkelanjutan.

Environmental change in watershed is shaped by interactions among abiotic, biotic, and social components within a social–ecological system. Anthropogenic pressures, particularly land-use conversion, have the potential to degrade environmental quality and compromise the long-term sustainability of watershed functions. This study assessed the current environmental condition of the Upper Wawar Watershed using a hemeroby index derived from land-cover change, while social perceptions were quantified through a community perception index. The objectives were to: (1) analyse the magnitude and rate of land-cover change; (2) evaluate levels of actual environmental degradation and community perceptions; and (3) formulate environmental management strategies based on a Social–Ecological System (SES) framework. Land-cover analysis was conducted using multi-temporal Landsat imagery (1995–2025) processed with the Maximum Likelihood Classification algorithm.

The results indicate a significant decline in primary and secondary dryland forest cover over the study period, decreasing by 1,294.04 ha and 3,395.85 ha, respectively. In contrast, agricultural and built-up areas expanded markedly, increasing by 4,250.85 ha and 1,040.69 ha, respectively. These changes reflect a long-term spatial transition within the watershed from predominantly natural cover to more intensively developed land uses. The hemeroby index reveals a temporal increase in environmental degradation. In 1995, conditions were largely categorised as low to very low degradation (71.43% and 23.81%); by 2005, low and moderate degradation predominated (76.19% and 14.29%); in 2015, the proportion of low degradation declined (61.90%) while moderate degradation increased (23.81%); and by 2025, moderate degradation dominated (52.38%) with areas of high degradation emerging (9.52%). These trends were closely associated with substantial deforestation and forest degradation between 1995 and 2015, followed by agricultural expansion during 2015–2025. Social perceptions of environmental degradation were predominantly moderate (76.19%). Although a strong positive correlation was observed between perceived and measured conditions (r = 0.6968; p < 0>

Integrating objectively assessed environmental conditions based on the hemeroby index with social perceptions resulted in four management priority interventions: restorative and structural control, socio-institutional and preventive control, protective and structural maintenance, and anticipatory early control. This approach provides a contextual, adaptive, and evidence-based framework to support pressure mitigation and sustainable watershed management.

Kata Kunci : kerusakan lingkungan, indeks hemeroby, perubahan tutupan lahan, sistem sosial-ekologi (SES), pengelolaan DAS