Kajian Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan Permukiman di Sempadan Rel Kereta Api Kecamatan Gondokusuman Kota Yogyakarta

Linta Aulia, Prof. Dr. Lutfi Muta'ali, S.Si., MT; Prof. Dr. Setiadi, S.Sos., M.Si

2026 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Lingkungan

Pertumbuhan penduduk dan migrasi di Kota Yogyakarta menyebabkan peningkatan kebutuhan lahan permukiman, yang memicu munculnya permukiman liar di area sempadan rel kereta api. Kecamatan Gondokusuman merupakan wilayah dengan lintasan rel kereta api terpanjang di Kota Yogyakarta (2,1 Km) dan memiliki kepadatan permukiman yang tinggi di sepanjang jalur tersebut. Kondisi permukiman yang berada pada jarak 2 hingga 17,5 meter dari rel ini melanggar regulasi dan berisiko terhadap kesehatan lingkungan akibat buruknya sanitasi dan infrastruktur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi gambaran sanitasi dan karakteristik rumah, mengkaji risiko kesehatan lingkungan dengan metode Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA), serta merumuskan strategi penataan permukiman di sempadan rel kereta api Kecamatan Gondokusuman. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kelurahan Demangan dan Baciro dengan melibatkan 39 rumah tangga yang bersedia sebagai responden melalui metode purposive sampling. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara dan observasi lapangan menggunakan instrumen kuesioner EHRA serta form ceklist sanitasi permukiman. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa di Kelurahan Demangan, 73,33% rumah tangga berada di risiko kesehatan lingkungan rendah dan 26,67% rumah tangga berada di risiko kesehatan lingkungan sedang. Sedangkan di Kelurahan Baciro, 70,83% rumah tangga berada di risiko kesehatan lingkungan sangat rendah dan sisanya 29,17% rumah tangga berada di risiko kesehatan lingkungan rendah. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan adanya hubungan signifikan antara status kepemilikan tanah (tenurial) dengan kualitas sarana sanitasi (p=0,028), di mana legalitas lahan mendorong penghuni untuk berinvestasi pada infrastruktur sanitasi yang lebih baik. Risiko kesehatan lingkungan di wilayah studi tidak hanya dipengaruhi oleh ketersediaan infrastruktur fisik (hardware), tetapi sangat didominasi oleh perilaku penghuni (software). Strategi penataan yang direkomendasikan mencakup pendekatan zonasi prioritas melalui program jangka pendek (pembangunan IPAL komunal), jangka menengah (peremajaan ventilasi rumah), dan jangka panjang (edukasi PHBS dan pengelolaan sampah berbasis komunitas).

Population growth and migration in Yogyakarta City have led to an increase in the need for residential land, which has triggered the emergence of illegal settlements in the railway border area. Gondokusuman District is an area with the longest railway track in Yogyakarta City (2.1 km) and has a high density of settlements along the line. The condition of the settlement, which is located at a distance of 2 to 17.5 meters from the rails, violates regulations and poses a risk to environmental health due to poor sanitation and infrastructure. This study aims to identify the sanitary overview and characteristics of the house, assess environmental health risks using the Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) method, and formulate a settlement arrangement strategy at the border of the railway line of Gondokusuman District. This research was conducted in Demangan and Baciro Villages by involving 39 households who were willing as respondents through the purposive sampling method. Data was collected through interviews and field observations using EHRA questionnaire instruments and settlement sanitation check forms. The findings showed that in Demangan Village, 73.33% of households were at low environmental health risk and 26.67% of households were at moderate environmental health risk. Meanwhile, in Baciro Village, 70.83% of households are at very low environmental health risk and the remaining 29.17% of households are at low environmental health risk. The results of the statistical test showed a significant relationship between land ownership status and the quality of sanitation facilities (p=0.028), where land legality encouraged residents to invest in better sanitation infrastructure. Environmental health risks in the study area are not only influenced by the availability of physical infrastructure (hardware), but are strongly dominated by the behavior of residents (software). The recommended structuring strategies include a priority zoning approach through short-term programs (construction of communal WWTP), medium-term (rejuvenation of house ventilation), and long-term (PHBS education and community-based waste management).

Kata Kunci : Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan, Permukiman Sempadan Rel, EHRA, tenurial