Perseteruan Standarisasi Keberlanjutan Minyak Sawit Uni Eropa dan Indonesia: Analisis Fenomena Epistemic Injustice dalam Perspektif Situated Knowledge

ANUGRAH AMIN IGNATIUS JULIO WEJAI, Drs. Muhadi Sugiono, MA.

2025 | Skripsi | Ilmu Hubungan Internasional

Pembangunan berkelanjutan (sustainable development) merupakan isu penting hubungan internasional pasca-Perang Dingin. Demi mewujudkan pembangunan yang ramah lingkungan, negara-negara maju (Global North) menginisiasi standar-standar keberlanjutan yang berlaku secara regulatif dalam pembangunan di seluruh dunia, utamanya membahas sosiologi pengetahuan yang mendasari standarisasi keberlanjutan minyak sawit yang diberikan oleh Uni Eropa terhadap negara-negara produsen sawit. Penelitian mengemukakan sosiologi pengetahuan sebagai alat dekonstruksi kemapanan pengetahuan Eropa dalam menciptakan standar keberlanjutan minyak sawit yang dinilai oleh produsen cukup diskriminatif. Penelitian juga diarahkan untuk melacak epistemic injustice menggunakan kerangka analitis situated knowledge. Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan yaitu kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode Analisis Wacana Kritis sebagai metodis untuk menginvestigasi dan memaknai semiotika objek penelitian. Berdasarkan teknik studi literatur, penelitian menganalisis teks-teks berupa dokumen kebijakan, artikel jurnal, laporan riset, dan buku-buku terkait untuk mencari korelasi dan korespondensi antara teks dan konteks sehingga penelitian mampu menghadirkan pandangan reflektif kritis tentang polemik standarisasi keberlanjutan minyak sawit. Adapun hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertama, terjadi epistemic injustice dalam memandang minyak sawit sebagai komoditas minyak nabati dunia, berupa pengabaian epistemik yang disengaja (willful hermeneutical ignorance) antara data dan fakta lapangan sebagai perbandingan minyak nabati utama. Kedua, ketidakadilan tersebut terverifikasi oleh publik karena kondensasi ilmiah yang dipraktikkan aktor publik (NGO dan perusahaan) dengan memanfaatkan kekhawatiran publik tentang bahaya iklim. Ketiga, ketidakadilan ini merupakan kesenjangan variasi spasial-temporal dan kesenjangan teori tentang sustainability sehingga pengelolaan pengetahuannya terkondisikan (situated knowledge) oleh situasi sosial, ideologi, dan opini populer. Alhasil, berdampak Indonesia sebagai produsen minyak sawit global dan berpotensi merugikan kedaulatan bangsa karena pengetahuan standarisasi tidak mengakomodir pengetahuan dan praktik lokal. Analisis ini melihat sifat keterbukaan semiotik di dalam standar keberlanjutan itu hingga mampu dimanfaatkan berdasarkan preferensi kepentingan manapun.

Sustainable development is an important issue in post-Cold War international relations. In order to realize environmentally friendly development, developed countries (Global North) initiated sustainability standards that apply regulatively in development throughout the world, mainly discussing the sociology of knowledge underlying the standardization of palm oil sustainability provided by the European Union against palm oil producing countries. The research proposes the sociology of knowledge as a tool for deconstructing the European knowledge establishment in creating palm oil sustainability standards that are considered by producers to be quite discriminatory. The research is also directed to trace epistemic injustice using the analytical framework of situated knowledge. The research methodology used is qualitative by using the Critical Discourse Analysis method as a method to investigate and interpret the semiotics of the research object. Based on the literature study technique, the research analyzes texts in the form of policy documents, journal articles, research reports, and related books to find correlations and correspondences between text and context so that the research is able to present a critically reflective view of the polemics over palm oil sustainability standardization. The results show that first, there is an epistemic injustice in viewing palm oil as a world vegetable oil commodity, in the form of willful hermeneutical ignorance between data and field facts as a comparison of major vegetable oils. Second, the injustice is verified by the public due to scientific condensation practiced by public actors (NGOs and companies) by exploiting public concerns about climate hazards. Third, this injustice is a spatial-temporal variation gap and a theoretical gap on sustainability so that the management of knowledge is conditioned (situated knowledge) by social situations, ideologies, and popular opinions. As a result, it affects Indonesia's credibility as a global palm oil producer and has the potential to harm national sovereignty because standardized knowledge does not ac commodate local knowledge and practices. This analysis looks at the semiotic openness of sustainability standards that can be utilized based on the preferences of any interest.

Kata Kunci : Epistemic injustice, situated knowledge, minyak sawit, keberlanjutan, Uni Eropa, Indonesia