Analisis Sistem Pengawasan Bea Cukai di Batam Free Trade Zone

Aisya Nareswari, Dr. Nurhadi Susanto, S.H., M.Hum.

2025 | Skripsi | ILMU ADMINISTRASI NEGARA (MANAJEMEN DAN KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK)

Penelitian ini menganalisis efektivitas sistem pengawasan Bea Cukai di Batam Free Trade Zone (FTZ) serta dampak kelemahannya terhadap pergerakan barang dan stabilitas pasar domestik Indonesia. Sebagai kawasan perdagangan bebas dengan arus barang impor yang tinggi, Batam FTZ memiliki karakteristik kelembagaan dan operasional yang meningkatkan kerentanan terhadap pelanggaran kepabeanan. Menggunakan metode kualitatif melalui wawancara dengan petugas Bea Cukai, pelaku usaha, dan jasa forwarder, serta triangulasi dengan data sekunder, penelitian ini mengidentifikasi celah pengawasan yang bersifat struktural, yang ditandai oleh belum meratanya jangkauan teknologi pengawasan, lemahnya integrasi sistem antarlembaga, ketidakterhubungan dermaga rakyat pesisir dengan sistem pengawasan nasional, serta keterbatasan kapasitas operasional di lapangan. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kepatuhan pelaku usaha cenderung bersifat situasional akibat pengawasan yang tidak berlangsung secara stabil, sehingga mendorong praktik undervaluation, misdeclaration, dan pemanfaatan jalur distribusi alternatif. Analisis menggunakan teori governmentality, internal control system, dan asymmetric information mengungkap bahwa kelemahan pengawasan bersifat struktural dan menciptakan governability gap antara kapasitas pengendalian negara dan dinamika praktik di lapangan, yang berdampak pada hilangnya penerimaan negara, distorsi harga, serta menurunnya daya saing industri domestik. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan penguatan integrasi sistem pengawasan, pemerataan jangkauan pengawasan hingga dermaga rakyat pesisir, serta konsolidasi kelembagaan guna membangun kepatuhan yang lebih stabil dan efektif.

This study analyzes the effectiveness of the Customs supervision system in the Batam Free Trade Zone (FTZ) and the impact of its weaknesses on the movement of goods and the stability of Indonesia’s domestic market. As a free trade zone with a high volume of imported goods, Batam FTZ possesses institutional and operational characteristics that increase its vulnerability to customs violations. Using a qualitative approach through interviews with Customs officers, business actors, and forwarding service providers, complemented by triangulation with secondary data, this study identifies structural supervisory gaps characterized by uneven coverage of surveillance technology, weak inter-agency system integration, the lack of connectivity between coastal community ports and the national supervision system, and limited operational capacity in the field. The findings indicate that business compliance tends to be situational due to supervision that is not conducted in a stable and consistent manner, thereby encouraging practices such as undervaluation, misdeclaration, and the use of alternative distribution channels. An analysis based on governmentality, internal control system, and asymmetric information theories reveals that supervisory weaknesses are structural in nature and generate a governability gap between the state’s control capacity and on-the-ground dynamics. These gaps result in the loss of state revenue, price distortions, and a decline in the competitiveness of domestic industries. This study recommends strengthening system integration, extending supervisory coverage to coastal community ports, and enhancing institutional consolidation to establish more stable and effective compliance.

Kata Kunci : Bea Cukai, Batam Free Trade Zone, Sistem Pengawasan, Governmentality, Asymmetric Information.