Filogenetik Elang Brontok Nisaetus cirrhatus (Gmelin, 1788) Terhadap Famili Accipitridae Berdasarkan Gen Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)
Wa Ode Stevi, Dr. Dwi Sendi Priyono S.Si., M.Si.
2025 | Skripsi | BIOLOGI
Elang
brontok atau Nisaetus cirrhatus (Gmelin, 1788) merupakan salah
satu jenis satwa yang dilindungi di Indonesia. Meski dengan status
konservasi Least concern (LC) spesies ini diprediksikan dapat
mengalami penurunan populasi di masa yang akan datang. Untuk itu,
penting agar dilakukannya upaya konservasi, salah satunya
melalui konservasi genetik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan
kekerabatan elang brontok terhadap famili Accipitridae dan genus Nisaetus
berdasarkan gen penanda COI serta untuk mengetahui sejarah biogeografinya.
Analisis filogenetik dilakukan melalui rekonstruksi pohon filogenetik berdasarkan
gen Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) menggunakan model Bayesian
Inference (BI). Selain itu, dilakukan juga rekonstruksi ancestral area untuk
mengetahui sejarah biogeografi dan evolusi elang brontok menggunakan Reconstruct
Ancestral State in Phylogenies (RASP). Penelitian ini menggunakan data
genetik dari sampel darah elang brontok serta data genetik beberapa spesies
lain dalam famili Accipitridae. Hasil menunjukkan elang brontok berdasarkan gen
penanda COI merupakan salah satu spesies dalam genus Nisaetus
yang dalam famili Accipitridae memiliki hubungan kekerabatan terdekat bersama
genus Spizaetus. Dalam genus Nisaetus elang brontok memiliki
hubungan kekerabatan terdekat bersama Nisaetus nipalensis dengan
dukungan posterior probability tinggi (1,00). Elang brontok
diduga berasal dari kawasan India subcontinent-Indochina dengan probabilitas
terbesar (72,26%), diikuti dengan Indochina-Sundaland sebagai kemungkinan area
asal kedua (19,75%). Spesies ini diduga mengalami kolonisasi dari kawasan Indian
subcontinent-Indochina menuju Sundaland (Sumatra, Kalimantan dan Jawa)
melalui land bridge yang terbentuk pada masa glasiasi.
Sementara itu, populasi Filipina diduga mengalami kolonisasi pada periode yang
sama melalui Borneo menuju Palawan dan Mindoro. Elang brontok diperkirakan
memisah dari anggota Nisaetus lainnya pada akhir Miosen, yaitu
sekitar 9,12 juta tahun yang lalu.
The changeable hawk-eagle or Nisaetus cirrhatus (Gmelin,
1788) is one of the protected wildlife species in Indonesia. Although currently
listed as Least Concern (LC), its population is predicted to experience a
significant decline in the future. Therefore, conservation efforts are needed,
including genetic conservation. This study aims to determine the
phylogenetic relationships of the Changeable Hawk-Eagle within the family
Accipitridae and the genus Nisaetus based on the COI marker gene, as
well as to investigate its biogeographic history. Phylogenetic analysis were
carried out by constructing a phylogenetic tree based on the Cytochrome
c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene using the Bayesian Inference
(BI) method. In addition, an ancestral area reconstruction was conducted
using Reconstruct Ancestral State in Phylogenies (RASP) to
explore the evolutionary history of the species. This
research utilized genetic data from blood samples of N. cirrhatus along
with genetic data from several other Accipitridae species. The results showed
that the Changeable Hawk-Eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus), based on the COI
marker gene, is a species within the genus Nisaetus (family
Accipitridae) and exhibits a close phylogenetic relationship with the genus Spizaetus.
Within the genus Nisaetus, N. cirrhatus shows the closest
relationship with Nisaetus nipalensis, supported by a high posterior
probability value (1,00). The species is inferred to have originated in
the Indian subcontinent–Indochina region with the highest probability (72,26%),
followed by Indochina–Sundaland as the second most likely origin (19,75%). It
is suggested that the species migrated from the India subcontinent–Indochina
region to Sundaland (Sumatra, Borneo, and Java) via land bridges formed
during the glacial period. Meanwhile, the population in the Philippines is
thought to have migrated during the same period through Borneo to Palawan and
Mindoro. The Changeable Hawk-Eagle is estimated to have diverged from
the other Nisaetus species in the late Miocene approximately 9,12 Mya.
Kata Kunci : Filogenetik, Elang Brontok, Nisaetus cirrhatus, Biogeografi, COI.