Kesiapsiagaan Psikologis terhadap Bencana pada Penyandang Disabilitas di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Umi Lathifah, Pradytia Putri Pertiwi, S.Psi., Ph.D.

2025 | Tesis | S2 Psikologi

Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh pemahaman mendalam mengenai kesiapsiagaan psikologis terhadap bencana pada penyandang disabilitas serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY), wilayah dengan kerentanan bencana tinggi seperti letusan Gunung Merapi. Meskipun upaya mitigasi telah berkembang, aspek psikologis dalam kesiapsiagaan masih kurang diperhatikan, sehingga respons individu dengan disabilitas terhadap risiko bencana belum sepenuhnya optimal. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif melalui wawancara mendalam dan focus group discussion (FGD) dengan sepuluh partisipan yang dipilih secara purposif berdasarkan variasi jenis disabilitas, wilayah domisili, dan tingkat kesiapsiagaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kesiapsiagaan psikologis bersifat berlapis dan dinamis, mencakup tiga dimensi: within-individual, between-individual, dan individual-institutional. Pada level individu, kesiapsiagaan tampak dari pemahaman risiko, regulasi emosi, dan pengalaman hidup; pada level relasional, dukungan keluarga dan komunitas memperkuat rasa kendali; sementara pada level struktural, kesiapsiagaan dipengaruhi oleh aksesibilitas fasilitas publik, kebijakan inklusif, serta pelibatan difabel dalam sistem kebencanaan. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa kesiapsiagaan psikologis bukan atribut bawaan, melainkan hasil interaksi personal, sosial, dan struktural. Selain itu, penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa kerentanan tidak identik dengan kondisi disabilitas: individu dengan hambatan sensorik dan fisik dapat menunjukkan kesiapsiagaan tinggi ketika memiliki dukungan sosial dan akses terhadap pembelajaran risiko. Dengan demikian, kesiapsiagaan psikologis bersifat relasional dan sangat dipengaruhi oleh peluang partisipasi sosial.

This study aims to gain a deeper understanding of psychological disaster preparedness among people with disabilities and the factors influencing it in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY), an area with high disaster vulnerability, such as the eruption of Mount Merapi. Although mitigation efforts have developed, the psychological aspect of preparedness remains under-recognized, resulting in suboptimal responses to risk for individuals with disabilities. This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) with ten participants purposively selected based on variations in disability type, domicile, and level of preparedness. The results indicate that psychological preparedness is multi-layered and dynamic, encompassing three dimensions: within-individual, between-individual, and individual-institutional. At the individual level, preparedness is evident in risk understanding, emotional regulation, and life experiences; at the relational level, family and community support strengthens a sense of control; while at the structural level, preparedness is influenced by the accessibility of public facilities, inclusive policies, and the involvement of people with disabilities in the disaster management system. These findings suggest that psychological preparedness is not an innate attribute, but rather the result of personal, social, and structural interactions. Furthermore, this research confirms that vulnerability is not synonymous with disability: individuals with sensory and physical impairments can demonstrate high levels of preparedness when they have social support and access to risk education. Thus, psychological preparedness is relational and strongly influenced by opportunities for social participation.

Kata Kunci : kesiapsiagaan psikologis, bencana, penyandang disabilitas, kualitatif deskriptif