Mekanisme Pengelolaan Perikanan Bluefin Tuna di Laut Lepas oleh Commission for The Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT) Ditinjau dari Perspektif Third World Approach to International Law

Baiq Amilia Kusumawarni, Prof. Dr. Marsudi Triatmodjo, S.H., LL.M.

2025 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Hukum

Tesis ini mengkaji pengelolaan perikanan tuna sirip biru selatan (Southern Bluefin Tuna/SBT) di laut lepas oleh Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT), dengan menganalisis mekanisme alokasi kuota melalui pendekatan Third World Approach to International Law (TWAIL). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan fokus pada instrumen internasional seperti United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 dan United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) 1995, yang menjadi dasar pembentukan Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMO) seperti CCSBT.

Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa meskipun CCSBT telah mengembangkan prosedur ilmiah seperti Bali Procedure dan Cape Town Procedure dalam menetapkan Total Allowable Catch (TAC), sistem distribusi kuota masih menunjukkan ketimpangan struktural. Alokasi kuota terutama didasarkan pada sejarah penangkapan ikan masa lalu, yang lebih menguntungkan negara-negara maju seperti Jepang dan Australia. Sementara itu, negara berkembang seperti Indonesia menerima kuota yang jauh lebih kecil, meskipun partisipasinya meningkat. TWAIL digunakan sebagai kerangka kritik untuk menelaah bagaimana rezim tata kelola internasional seperti ini cenderung melanggengkan ketimpangan dan membatasi partisipasi negara-negara dunia ketiga dalam pemanfaatan sumber daya laut secara berkelanjutan.

Tesis ini menyimpulkan bahwa tanpa reformasi, sistem alokasi kuota dalam CCSBT berpotensi memperkuat praktik neo-kolonialisme dengan dalih keberlanjutan. Oleh karena itu, disarankan adanya revisi kelembagaan terhadap mekanisme pengambilan keputusan dan alokasi kuota CCSBT agar lebih adil bagi negara berkembang dan mencerminkan nilai-nilai keadilan global dalam tata kelola laut internasional.

This thesis explores the management of Southern Bluefin Tuna (SBT) fisheries on the high seas by the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT), analyzing its quota allocation mechanism through the lens of the Third World Approach to International Law (TWAIL). The study uses a normative legal method focusing on international instruments such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 and the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) 1995, which lay the groundwork for Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) such as CCSBT.

The research finds that although CCSBT has developed scientific procedures like the Bali and Cape Town Procedures to regulate Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for SBT, the distribution of quotas still reflects structural imbalances. These allocations are primarily based on historical fishing records, favoring developed countries such as Japan and Australia, while developing countries like Indonesia receive significantly lower quotas despite increasing participation. TWAIL provides a critical framework to examine how such international governance regimes perpetuate inequality and limit the meaningful participation of the Global South in the sustainable use of marine resources.

The thesis concludes that without reform, the quota distribution system under CCSBT risks reinforcing neo-colonial practices under the guise of sustainability. It recommends institutional revisions to CCSBT’s decision-making and allocation mechanisms to better accommodate equity for developing nations and reflect contemporary global justice values in international marine governance.

Kata Kunci : CCSBT, Tuna Sirip Biru Selatan, kuota perikanan, TWAIL, RFMO, hukum laut internasional, negara berkembang.