Beragam Definisi, Beragam Solusi: Mengurai Perbedaan Kebijakan Pengentasan Kemiskinan

Eko Arie Wicaksono, Nurhadi, S.Sos., M.Si., Ph.D.

2025 | Tesis | S2 Administrasi Publik

Kemiskinan masih menjadi tantangan utama pembangunan di Indonesia, meskipun berbagai program dan kebijakan telah dilaksanakan. Perbedaan definisi kemiskinan antar lembaga pemerintah menimbulkan keragaman instrumen pengukuran sekaligus potensi tumpang tindih kebijakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana berbagai lembaga pemerintah di Indonesia merumuskan definisi kemiskinan, serta bagaimana perbedaan definisi tersebut memengaruhi strategi pengentasan kemiskinan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi pustaka dan analisis regulasi. Data diperoleh dari dokumen resmi, literatur akademik, serta wawancara elit terbatas,

kemudian dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan analisis.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) menjadi rujukan utama dengan pendekatan kebutuhan dasar, kementerian/lembaga lain mengembangkan instrumen berbeda sesuai mandatnya, seperti DTKS oleh Kemensos, P3KE oleh Kemenko PMK, dan Regsosek oleh Bappenas. Variasi ini dipengaruhi oleh mandat lembaga dan kebutuhan teknis, tetapi seluruhnya bertujuan memperkuat ketepatan sasaran kebijakan. Perbedaan definisi kemiskinan berimplikasi pada karakteristik strategi pengentasan yang berlapis, mulai dari bantuan jangka pendek hingga intervensi struktural. Integrasi data melalui Satu Data Indonesia menjadi kunci untuk mengurangi fragmentasi, meningkatkan efektivitas kebijakan lintas sektor, serta memastikan arah pembangunan yang inklusif dan berkelanjutan.

Poverty remains one of the major development challenges in Indonesia, despite the implementation of various programs and policies. Differences in poverty definitions across government institutions have resulted in diverse measurement instruments as well as potential overlaps in policymaking. This study aims to analyze how different government institutions in Indonesia define poverty and how such definitional variations influence poverty alleviation strategies. The research employs a qualitative method with a literature review and regulatory analysis approach. Data were collected from official documents, academic literature, and limited elite interviews, and were analyzed using a qualitative-analytical framework.

The findings indicate that while the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) serves as the primary reference through its basic needs approach, other ministries and agencies have developed their own instruments based on institutional mandates, such as the Integrated Social Welfare Data (DTKS) by the Ministry of Social Affairs, the P3KE by the Coordinating Ministry for Human Development and Culture, and the Socioeconomic Registry (Regsosek) by Bappenas. These

variations are driven by sectoral ego and technical needs, yet all aim to strengthen the accuracy of policy targeting. The diversity of poverty definitions leads to multilayered strategies, ranging from short-term assistance to structural interventions. Data integration under the One Data Indonesia agenda is essential to reduce fragmentation, enhance cross-sectoral policy effectiveness, and ensure a more inclusive and sustainable development pathway.

Kata Kunci : Kemiskinan, Definisi Kemiskinan, Kebijakan Publik, Pengentasan Kemiskinan.