Peranan paguyuban terhadap proses migrasi etnis Bugis ke Kotamadya Balikpapan

Ellyano S. Lasam, Prof.Dr. Ida Bagoes Mantra

1994 | Tesis | S2 Kependudukan

INTISARI Penelitian ini pada dasarnya bertujuan mengkaji "Peranan Paguyuban Terhadap Proses Migrasi Bugis ke Kotamadya Balikpapan". Secara khusus penelitian ini untuk mengkaji: Pertana karakteristik demografi sosial ekonomi etnis Bugis, kedua bentuk dan paguyuban etnis Bugis di Kotamadya Balikpapan, ketiga proses adaptasi dan strategi kelangsungan hidup di daerah tujuan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari sampai dengan awal Maret 1994 di Kotamadya Balikpapan. Lokasi penelitian tersebut dipilih atas dasar perkembangan migran etnis bugis nasuk relatif tinggi, Kotamadya Balikpapan adalah pintu gerbang Kalimantan Timur. Responden dipilih secara accidental sebesar 200 orang migran. Dalam penelitian ini diperlukan data primer dan data sekunder yang dihimpun melalui kuesioner, observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi, sedangkan analisis data dilakukan secara kualitatif maupun kuantitatif. Dari hasil analisis yang dilakukan terungkap bahwa salah satu pendorong etnis Bugis melakukan nobilitas adalah Budaya Siri Masiri, artinya jika keadaan sosial ekonomi keluarganya kurang baik maka ia merasa malu, untuk mengatasinya ia merantau mencari pekerjaan untuk memperbaiki kehidupan keluarganya, dan muncul kembali setelah berhasil. Etnis Bugis sangat kuat dalam jaringan kekerabatan pada lingkungan komunitas fungsional, jika etnis Bugis ini pergi merantau mereka membangun lingkungan teritorial tertentu, yang mereka jadikan sebagai Wanua bagi orang bugis. Oleh karena itu ikatan persekutuan teriturial menjadi unsur penting dalan kehidupan kaum etnis Bugis. Wanua itulah yang menjadi pangkalan terdepan untuk menerima perpindahan penduduk dari Sulawesi Selatan. Dengan demikian mobilitas penduduk dalam suatu wanua menjadi ikatan yang esensial bagi penduduk remaja usia, pada akhirnya memilih wanua tertentu untuk menetap dan berkeluarga. Sumber informasi pekerjaan bagi migran baru sangat diperlukan agar mereka tidak mengalami kesulitan di daerah baru, jika para migran ini berhasil mereka akan membawa informasi positif kedaerah asalnya. Sebagai suatu umpan balik yang akan mempengaruhi stimulus orang di daerah asal. Kehadiran asosiasi kelompok etnis terutama etnis Bugis di Kotamadya Balikpapan sangat bermanfaat dalam membantu migran baru khususnya pada tahap awal penyesuaian diri di daerah tujuan, bantuan tersebut tidak hanya terbatas pada sekedar menumpang dalam hal bermukim saat pertama kali berada di Kotamadya Balikpapan melainkan juga di bidang pekerjaan dan bantuan keuangan, sampai mereka bisa mandiri.

ABSTRACT The basic aim of the study is to investigate "The Role of Association towards the Process of Migration of the Buginese Ethnic Group to Balikpapan Municipality". In particular, the objectives of the study are, (1) to investigate the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the Buginese ethnic group, (2) to observe the forn and function of the Buginese ethnic association in Balikpapan Municipality, and (3) to find out the process of adaption as well as survival strategy in the place of destination. The study was conducted in Balikpapan Municipality from January till early March 1994. The location of the study was selected based on the development of the Buginese ethnic group which was relatively high, and on the fact that Balikpapan Municipality is considered the main gate to East Kalimantan. The respondents of the study were selected accidentally, numbering to 200 migrants. Primary and secondary data were obtained trough indept interview using questionnaires, observations, documentation, whereas data analysis was conducted qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The study shows that one of the push-factors why the Buginese ethnic group perform population mobility is due to their "Siri Masiri" culture, meaning, that the Buginese people would feel embarrassed if their household socioeconomic conditions is unsatisfactory. They therefore migrate to other regions to find employment in order to improve their economic life with the intention to return to the home village when they have succeeded. The kinship network in the functional community of the Buginese people is significantly strong. When they migrate, they tend to form a certain territorial community which they call "Wanua" for the Buginese people. The territorial association tie therefore becomes an important element to the Buginese ethnic life. "Wanua" has then become the main base-front to migrants coming from South Sulawesi. The population mobility of a certain Wanua becomes the essential union to people of the younger age group, who eventually choose a certain Wanua where they could settle themselves and raise a family. Source of information concerning employments to new migrants is very essential to avoid hardship in the new areas. If they succeed in life, they would send positive information back to the home village to stimulate the other village people to migrate. The existence of the ethnic group association, particularly the Buginese ethnic of Balikpapan Municipality is concidered beneficial to new migrants in their first stage of adaption in the new places. This assistance is not only in the form of providing housing to new migrants when they first arrived in Balikpapan Municipality, but also in the form of monetary and employment assistance until they could manage themselves to stand on their own.

Kata Kunci : Peranan Paguyuban, proses migrasi, etnis Bugis, Kotamadya Balikpapan