Mobilitas pekerja dan remitan: di Desa Sumbersari, Kecamatan Sebulu, Kabupaten Kutai, Kalimantan Timur

Iskandar, Prof.Dr. Ida Bagoes Mantra

1994 | Tesis | S2 Kependudukan

INTISARI Penelitian ini pada dasarnya bertujuan untuk menge- tahui dan mengkaji pengaruh mobilitas pekerja ke luar desa terhadap status sosial ekonomi rumah tangga di desa asal. Secara khusus untuk mengetahui dan mengkaji; per- tama, motivasi dan perilaku mobilitas pekerja non perma- nen, kedua, keadaan ekonomi rumah tangga dan ketiga, sumbangan pendapatan dari luar desa (remitan) terhadap pendapatan total rumah tangga dan hubungannya dengan status ekonomi rumah tangga di desa asal. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Agustus sampai dengan September 1993 di desa Sumber Sari kecamatan Sebulu kabupaten Kutai Kalimantan Timur. Lokasi penelitian tersebut dipilih secara purposive, sedangkan responden dipilih secara random sebanyak 204 kepala keluarga yang melakukan mobilitas. Selain kepala keluarga, juga be- berapa tokoh masyarakat desa setempat sebagai responden dalam penelitian ini. Oleh karena itu untuk kepentingan analisis maka, dibutuhkan data primer dan data sekunder yang dihimpun melalui; kuesioner, observasi, mendalam dan dokumentasi. Sedangkan analisis data dila- kukan baik dengan cara analisis kualitatif maupun anali- sis kuantitatif analisis tabel frekuensi, tabel silang). Dari hasil analisis yang dilakukan terungkap bahwa motivasi pokok kepala rumah tangga melakukan mobilitas adalah untuk meningkatkan pendapatan. Keinginan ini di- lakukan pekerja umumnya sebagai akibat dari rendahnya hasil usaha tani yang dilakukan selama ini. Dengan kata lain bahwa persepsi negatif terhadap potensi ekonomi di desa asal merupakan faktor penyebab dilakukannya mobili- tas. Dengan menganalisis proporsi remitan terhadap total pendapatan rumah tangga migran, diketahui bahwa besarnya sumbangan tersebut mencapai 73,4 persen, ini menunjukkan bahwa remitan yang diperoleh migran memberikan pengaruh yang besar terhadap upaya peningkatan pendapatan rumah tangga di desa asal. Kemudian dari analisis indikator ekonomi rumah tangga migran, ditemukan bahwa status ekonomi rumah tangga migran cenderung meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya pendapatan rumah tangga dari luar desa (remitan). Hasil analisis ini ditunjukkan adanya hubungan yang positif antara remitan dengan tus ekonomi rumah tangga. Demikian pula dengan analisis dampak mobilitas pekerja keluar desa dari aspek sosial migran, maka nampak bahwa sebagian besar migran berada pada strata sosial sedang sampai tinggi. Dengan kata lain bahwa mobilitas pekerja keluar desa berpengaruh po- sitif terhadap status sosial ekonomi rumah tangga di desa asal. Keadaan ini menunjukkan bahwa mobilitas pe- kerja akan cenderung meningkat di masa mendatang bilama- na usaha-usaha yang berkaitan dengan pembenahan pola pertanian dan penciptaan kesempatan kerja non pertanian tidak dilakukan dan disebarkan ke pedesaan. ?

ABSTRACT Basically, the aim of the study is to examine and to find out the influence of workers' mobility out of the village on the household socioeconomic status of the village of origin. Specifically, the study aims at investigating 1) the motivation and behaviour of the workers' mobility, 2) the household economic conditions, and 3) the contribution of remittances gained from outside the village to the total household income, and its relations with the household economic status in the village of origin. The study was conducted from August till September 1993 in the village of Sumber Sari, Sebulu Subdistrict, Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan. The location of the study was selected purposively, whereas the respondents, amounting to 204 household heads performing labour mobility, were selected at random. Besides these household heads, several local figures were also selected to become respondents of the study. For this reason, and for analytical purposes, primary as well secondary data are needed. These data were collected through questionnaires, observations, indepth interview, and documentations, whereas the data analysis was carried out qualitatively as well done analysis was as quantitatively. The quantitative by using frequency table analysis, cross tabulation analysis). The study shows that the main motivation of the household heads to perform mobility is to improve their household income. This desire was carried out as the consequence of the low income obtained from farming in which they have been engaged so far. In other words, the negative perception on the economic potentials of the village of origin has become the causing factor why a mobility activity should be ferformed. By analyzing the proportion of remittances on the total income of the migrants' households the study shows that the remittances have reached to 73.4 percent, which shows that remittances have significant influences on the migrants' efforts to improve the household income in the village of origin. The analysis of economic indicator of the migrants' household shows that the migrants' household economic status tends to improve in accordance with the improvement of the household income earned from outside the village (in this case: remittances). The result of the analysis is shown by the positive relation between remittances and the status of the household economy. This is likewise with the analysis of the mobility impacts of workers outside the village looked upon the social aspects of the migrants. It could be observed that the majority of migrants are of the moderate and high social strata. In words, the workers' mobility to outside positive influences status in the village of origin. This phenomenon shows that work mobility tends to increase in future time if certain efforts relating with the improvement agricultural patterns as well as the creation agricultural employment opportunities are not carried out and not distributed in the rural regions.

Kata Kunci : Mobilitas Tenagakerja,Perilaku Migran,Meningkatkan Pendapatan,Kependud