Penghasilan dan jaminan sosial pekerja: pada industri plywood di Maluku

Djunaidi Rupelu, Drs. Kasto, M.A.

1993 | Tesis | S2 Kependudukan

INTISARI Studi ini mempunyai 3 tujuan yaitu; (1) menganalisis perbedaan upah menurut beberapa karakteristik demografi, (2) menganalisis perbedaan upah terhadap kebutuhan fisik minimum (KFM) maupun berdasarkan Indiks Harga Kosumen, (3) meng- ungkapkan seberapa besar pekerja pada industri plywood memperoleh jaminan sosial dan tunjangan kesejahteraan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Propinsi Maluku. Pemilihan lokasi penelitian, sampel industri dan sampel responden, dilakukan secara purposive sampling. Penelitian ini menunjukkan; (1) industri plywood cukup berkembang di daerah Maluku karena dukungan sumberdaya alam dan sumberdaya manusia serta kebijaksanaan pemerintah, sehingga berdampak pada pertumbuhan dan kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi di lokasi penelitian. Beberapa karakteristik pekerja yang menonjol, yaitu; (1) umur pekerja tergolong produktif, yakni antara 15 sampai 39 tahun, namun umur rata-rata pekerja perempuan sedikit lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan umur rata-rata pekerja laki-laki; (2) pendidikan pekerja cukup bervariasi namun cenderung membaik karena presentase terbesar (39,4 %) berpendidikan SMTA. Upah nominal rata-rata yang diperoleh pekerja berbeda menurut umur, jenis kelamin dan pendidikan; (1) uji statis- tik dengan tingkat keyakinan 95 % untuk derajat bebas (DF) 6 menunjukkan perbedaan upah menurut umur dan lama masa kerja signifikan. Kekuatan perbedaan tersebut dapat di tes dengan koefisien kontingensi dan hasilnya adalah K = 65,4 persen; (2) uji statistik dengan tingkat keyakinan 95 % untuk derajat bebas (DF) 6 menunjukkan perbedaan upah menurut jenis kelamin dan lama masa kerja signifikan; (3) Uji statistik dengan tingkat keyakinan 95 % untuk derajat bebas (DF) 6 menunjukkan perbedaan upah menurut pendidikan dan lama masa kerja signifikan. Tingkat pencapaian upah terhadap kebutuhan menurut ukuran kebutuhan fisik minimum hanya mencapai 67,87 persen, angka tersebut sedikit lebih rendah berdasarkan ukur IHK yaitu sebesar 58,71 persen. Kondisi ini mendorong kerja lembur sehingga penghasilan lebih besar dari nilai KFM, namun berdampak terhadap labor turn over yang meningkat. Walaupun upah relatif rendah, namun pengusaha industri plywood memberikan perhatian terhadap jaminan sosial dan bantuan kesejahteraan bagi pekerja.

ABSTRACT This study on income and social scurity of labourers aims at: has three objectives: 1) to analyze wage differentials in relation some demographic chacteristics, 2) to analyze wage differentials as opposed to minimum physical requirements in accordance with Consumer Price Index, 3) to show to what extent workers in the plywood industry get social security and welfare allowance. Research was carried out in the Moluccas Province. Choice of research area, industry and respondent sampel were done using purposive sampling. The research reveals that plywood industry develops quite well in the Moluccas due to natural as well as human resources and the government policies. This development brings about high population growth and population dencity in the research area. Some significant workers' chracteristics area: 1) workers are ini the productive age, between 15-19 years of age, however average age of female wokersis slightly lower as compared to that of male workers; 2) workers' education varies with the greatest percentage are senior high school graduates. Avarage wages received by the workers differ in line with age, sex and education. 1). Statiistical test with confidence interval 95 % for degrees of freedom 6 shows significant wage differentials in line with age period of employment. These differences can be tested using contingency coefficient and the result is that K = 65,4 %. 2) statistical test with confidence interval 95 % for degrees of freedom 6 shows significant wage differentials in line with sex and period of employment. 3). statistical test with confidence interval 95% for degrees of freedom 6 shows significant wage differentials in line with education and period of employment. The extent of wage earnings as opposed to fulfilment of needs based on minimum physical requirement measure is only 67,8 %. This figure is slightly lower if compared to IHK measurement, that is 58,71 %. This condition in turn encourages overtime work so that earnings received are more than the minimum physical requirement, but this leads to increasing labor turnover. Despite relatively low wage earnings workers of the plywood industry receive social security and welfare allowance from their employers.

Kata Kunci : Penghasilan, Jaminan Sosial Pekerja, Industri Plywood, Maluku