Pengaruh Fragmentasi Aktor dalam Global Climate Governance Terhadap Pencapaian Nationally Determined Contributions Indonesia 2030

Daffa Ath Thaariq, Prof. Dr. Poppy Sulistyaning Winanti M.P.P., M.Sc.

2025 | Skripsi | Ilmu Hubungan Internasional

Penelitian ini menganalisis tentang hambatan pencapaian Nationally Determined Contributions 2030 Indonesia di sektor energi terbarukan dengan menggunakan perspektif Multi-Level Governance (MLG). Fokus penelitian diarahkan pada bagaimana fragmentasi aktor, baik dalam domain state-based processes (aktor supranasional, nasional, dan subnasional) maupun non-state-based processes (civil society, place based partnership, dan jaringan transnasional) mempengaruhi efektivitas transisi energi. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat tiga dimensi utama fragmentasi. Pertama, fragmentasi politik ditandai dengan dominasi aktor negara, pertarungan kepentingan antara aktor global dan domestik, serta minimnya ruang partisipasi masyarakat sipil. Kedua, fragmentasi regulasi mencakup inkonsistensi kebijakan, tumpang tindih kewenangan antarlevel pemerintahan, serta lemahnya implementasi di tingkat lokal. Ketiga, fragmentasi ekonomi tercermin pada ketergantungan terhadap energi fosil, keterbatasan pendanaan transisi, dan dominasi skema donor-driven yang kurang responsif terhadap kebutuhan nasional. Ketiga dimensi tersebut saling berkelindan membentuk konfigurasi tata kelola yang asimetris sehingga memperlambat pencapaian target NDC Indonesia. Studi ini menegaskan bahwa keberhasilan transisi energi tidak hanya ditentukan oleh kapasitas teknis negara, tetapi juga oleh kemampuan membangun tata kelola iklim global yang lebih kolaboratif, inklusif, dan berkelanjutan.

This research analyzes the barriers to achieving Indonesia’s 2030 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) in the renewable energy sector through the perspective of Multi-Level Governance (MLG). The study focuses on how actor fragmentation—both within state-based processes (supranational, national, and subnational actors) and non-state-based processes (civil society, place-based partnerships, and transnational networks)—influences the effectiveness of the energy transition. The findings reveal three main dimensions of fragmentation. First, political fragmentation is characterized by the dominance of state actors, the contestation between global and domestic interests, and the limited participation space for civil society. Second, regulatory fragmentation encompasses policy inconsistencies, overlapping authorities across government levels, and weak local-level implementation. Third, economic fragmentation reflects dependence on fossil fuels, limited transition financing, and donor-driven schemes that are often unresponsive to national needs. These three dimensions are interrelated, forming an asymmetrical governance configuration that slows Indonesia’s progress toward its NDC targets. The study highlights that the success of the energy transition is determined not only by the state’s technical capacity but also by its ability to build a more collaborative, inclusive, and sustainable system of global climate governance.

Kata Kunci : : Nationally Determined Contributions, Transisi Energi, Multi-Level Governance (MLG), Fragmentasi Aktor, Tata Kelola Iklim Global, Energi Terbarukan