Pencemaran debu Ambien, gangguan fungsi paru masyarakat yang berada di dalam dan di sekitar Terminal Bus Umbulharjo Jogjakarta

HADI, Bambang Supramono, Prof.Dr.dr. Soebijanto

2004 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Kerja

Terminal bus Umbulharjo merupakan terminal tingkat propinsi di Daerah Istimewa Jogjakarta, yang beroperasi sejak tahun 1981 berada di jalan Veteran, dan dibawah operasional Dinas Perhubungan Kota Jogjakarta. Bus yang keluar masuk terminal Umbulharjo ini cukup padat yaitu 3.239 – 3.289 buah per hari. Kepadatan terminal ini mengakibatkan daerah disekitarnya menjadi ramai dan lalulintasnya sangat padat terutama di jalan Veteran sebelah utara terminal. Bus yang keluar masuk terminal seluruhnya menggunakan bahan bakar solar (bermesin diesel). Kendaraan tersebut mengeluarkan pencemar salah satunya adalah partikel debu, sehingga akan menaikkan konsentrasi debu udara ambien di dalam terminal maupun disekitarnya. Pengukuran konsentrasi debu ambien dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat High Volume Air Sampler PM 10. Hasil pengukuran debu ambien di dalam terminal berkisar 147,44 – 182,93 mg/m3 dengan ratarata 168,34 mg/m3 , di sebelah utara terminal berkisar 178,54 – 294,12 mg/m3 dengan rata-rata 242,04 mg/m3 dan sebagai kontrol di daerah Sorosutan RW. 8 adalah berkisar 40,45 – 96,90 mg/m3 dengan rata-rata 63,445 mg/m3 . Partikel debu bila terhirup masuk dalam paruparu dapat menyebabkan gangguan fungsi paru (restrictive dan obstructive). Orang-orang yang beraktivitas rutin di dalam terminal lebih dari 206 orang dan yang berada di sebelah utara terminal lebih dari 154 orang. Hasil pemeriksaan paru-paru dengan alat spirometer di dalam terminal didapat 13 responden menderita gangguan fungsi paru, di utara terminal didapat 21 responden menderita gangguan fungsi paru dari masing-masing 31 responden. Hasil analisa statistik menyimpulkan bahwa: (1) ada perbedaan konsentrasi debu ambien di dalam terminal dan di utara terminal Umbulharjo yang sangat signifikan dan melebihi baku mutu, (2) lamanya terpapar oleh debu ambien mempuyai hubungan yang sangat signifikan terhadap gangguan fungsi paru, (3) konsentrasi debu ambien mempunyai hubungan yang sangat signifikan dengan gangguan fungsi paru, (4) adanya perbedaan yang signifikan fungsi paru masyarakat yang berada di dalam dan di utara terminal.

Umbulharjo bus terminal was a province level terminal of Yogyakarta province, and it has operated since 1981 under the control of Dinas Perhubungan Kota Yogyakarta. That terminal was very busy with many buses which were going in and out with the amount of 3,239 to 3,289 buses every day, and because of that, therefore the veteran street which is located at the north of that terminal was very crowded. Almost all buses used the solar fuel or energy (diesel machined), and therefore they produce pollutants and one of them is dust particle which ancrease the concentration of air dust ambient within the Umbulharjo terminal and its surroundings. The measurement of dust concentration of ambient was made using High Volume Air Sampler PM 10. the results showed that the dust concentration in the Terminal Ranged at 178.54 to 294.12 ug/m3, and as the control in Sorosutan district area the dust concentration Ranged at 40.45 to 96.90 ug/m3 . Dust particle effect to the human body is giving restriction and obstruction to the lung. In every day life, more than 206 people do their own activities inside the Umbulharjo terminal and more than 154 people also do their own activities at the north side of Umbulharjo terminal, and therefore there was found that 13 respondents of the Umbulharjo terminal were suffered from lung disease, on the other hand, 21 respondents of the north of the terminal were also suffered from lung disease. The results show that: 1. There was a difference concentration of dust ambient between inside the terminal and the north area of the Umbulharjo terminal, and in that case, the difference was very significance and exceeded from the threshold level; 2. There was a very significant correlation between the exposure duration to dust and the effect to lung of the human body; 3. There was a very significant correlation between dust concentration and lung disease; 4. There was a significant difference of the lung function disturbance between the people of inside the Umbulharjo terminal and outside the terminal.

Kata Kunci : Kesehatan Lingkungan,Pencemaran Debu,Gangguan Fungsi Paru,Terminal Bus