Analisis optimasi nilai tambah ubikayu di Kabupaten Gunungkidul

SURYAWATI, Wiwin, Dr.Ir. Slamet Hartono, M.Sc

2004 | Tesis | S2 Agronomi

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui biaya, pendapatan, keuntungan, tingkat keuntungan, nilai tambah, BEP unit dan BEP rupiah berbagai usaha penghasil produk bahan baku, produk bahan antara dan produk akhir ubikayu serta mengidentifikasi usaha berbasis ubikayu mulai dari on farm sampai dengan off farm yang memberi nilai tambah tertinggi dengan mengetahui sumberdaya yang terbatas. Hipotesis yang diajukan adalah : 1) diduga bahwa usaha yang berbasis ubikayu baik penghasil bahan baku, bahan antara dan produk akhir menguntungkan bagi petani/pelaku usaha untuk diusahakan dan memberikan nilai tambah bagi petani atau pelaku usaha; 2) diduga bahwa nilai tambah tertinggi diperoleh pada usaha agroindustri ubikayu khususnya usaha pembuatan pathilo. Daerah penelitian ditetapkan dengan metode purposive sample pada 4 Kecamatan yaitu Tepus, Semanu, Karangmojo dan Ngawen. Subjek penelitian berjumlah 60 orang petani/pelaku usaha yang ditetapkan dengan metode purposive sample dan random sampling. Pengumpulan data meliputi data sekunder dan data primer, metode pengambilan data secara wawancara, pencatatan dan observasi. Analisa yang digunakan meliputi analisa biaya, pendapatan, keuntungan, R/C rasio, nilai tambah, BEP unit, BEP rupiah dan analisis linier programming. Hasil analisa menunjukkan biaya tertinggi Rp 1.352.590,- per tahun ubikayu varietas Dorowati, Rp 695,- per kg gaplek Mentega, Rp 4.234,- per kg criping ubikayu, pendapatan tertinggi Rp 3.871.417,- ubikayu varietas Gatotkoco, Rp 666,- per kg gaplek Gatotkoco dan Rp 3.409,- per kg criping ubikayu, keuntungan tertinggi Rp 3.208.358,- (4,1) ubikayu varietas Ketan, Rp 80,- per kg (1,1) gaplek Pandesi dan Rp 2.348,- per kg (1,5) criping ubikayu, BEP unit dan rupiah tertinggi pada ubikayu varietas Mentega 977 kg dan Rp 244.359,- per tahun , gaplek varietas Ketan 1.364 kg dan Rp 954.944,- per unit usaha serta 165,4 kg dan Rp 744.113,- per unit usaha lempeng. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin ke hilir proses produksi ubikayu segar maka akan semakin besar nilai tambah yang dihasilkan yaitu pada produk criping ubikayu. Hal ini ditunjukkan pada nilai tambah terbesar untuk produk bahan baku sebesar Rp 222,- per kg pada varietas Ketan, Rp 350,- per kg gaplek (1,4 kg ubikayu segar) pada gaplek dengan bahan baku varietas Gatotkoco dan Rp 3.869,- per kg criping (1,2 kg ubikayu segar). Nilai tambah maksimal pada kegiatan optimal sebesar Rp 41.017.800,- pada kondisi ideal dan Rp 27.021.900,- pada kondisi ada tambahan kendala berupa lahan, dengan sumberdaya yang langka berupa lahan dan stok/produksi ubikayu segar.

The aim of this research was to determine costs, incomes, profits, profit margins, added values, break even quantity and break even sale of various enterprises operating in raw materials, intermediate and final products production, as well as to identify cassava-based enterprises both on-farm and off-farm businesses supposedly generating the highest possible added value with given limited resources. The proposed hypotheses were: 1) cassava-based businesses (including raw materials production, intermediate and final products) were profitable to the growers/business practitioners; 2) the highest added value was generated by cassava agro-industry, especially pathilo production. The study area was determined using a purposive sample method in four districts (kecamatan), i.e. Tepus, Semanu, Karangmojo and Ngawen. Sixty growers/business doers, selected with purposive and random sampling were enrolled as the subjects of the investigation. Data collection included secondary and primary data, interviews, recording and observation. The following data analyses were done: costs, income, profit, R/C ratio, added value, break even quantity, break even sale and linear programming. The analysis showed that the highest costs were incurred in the production of “Dorowati” cassava of Rp 1,352,590 per annum, “Mentega” gaplek (preserved, dried cassava) of Rp 695 per kg, and cassava chip of Rp 4,234/kg; the highest incomes were generated in the production of “Gatotkoco” cassava of Rp 3,871,417 per year, “Gatotkoco” gaplek of Rp 666 per kg and cassava chip of Rp 3,409 per kg; the highest profits were gained in the production of “Ketan” cassava of Rp 3,208,358 (4.1), “Pandesi” gaplek of Rp 80 per kg (1.1), and cassava chip of Rp 2,348 per kg (1.5); the highest break even quantity and sale were shown in the production of “Mentega” cassava of 977 kg and Rp 244,359 per annum, “Ketan” gaplek of 1,364 kg and Rp 954,944 per unit, and cassava lempeng of 165,4 kg and Rp 744,113 per unit, respectively. The results demonstrated that the closer the production processes of cassava to off-farm, the greater the added valued generated, the highest of which was in cassava chip processing units. It was confirmed by the greatest added values for raw material production of Rp 222 per kg of “Ketan” variety, Rp 350 per kg gaplek (1.4 kg of fresh cassava) of “Gatotkoco” variety, and Rp 3,869 per kg cassava chip (1.2 kg of fresh cassava). The maximum added value in optimization patterns was Rp 41,017,800 for ideal condition and Rp 27,021,900 in hindered condition in terms of land, resources, and raw material limitedness.

Kata Kunci : Agroindustri,Usahatani Ubi Kayu, optimization, added value, cassava.