Vision Based Model Predictive Control dan Gain Scheduled PID untuk Autonomous Excavator
Diamond Azzukhruf Muzayin, Ahmad Ataka Awwalur Rizqi, S.T., Ph.D; Dzuhri Radityo Utomo, S.T., M.S., Ph.D
2025 | Skripsi | TEKNIK ELEKTRO
With the advancement of global campaigns toward net zero emission, the demand for mining materials does not simply disappear, but rather shifts to different types of required resources. For example, the increasing adoption of electric vehicles necessitates nickel-based batteries as energy storage media, ensuring that mining activities will continue to meet the demand for new energy materials. One of the vital pieces of equipment in this process is the excavator, which functions to dig, excavate, and transfer materials to dump trucks. However, conventional excavator operations pose high safety risks to operators due to potential hazards such as landslides, toxic areas, and extreme environmental conditions. In addition, the need for skilled operators and long working hours further increases operational costs, thereby driving the development of autonomous excavators as a safer and more efficient solution.
This research implements a 1:9 scale prototype of an autonomous excavator using a combination of control methods. Trajectory planning for the undercarriage is carried out with Model Predictive Control (MPC), which selects the optimal steps by considering constraints and focusing on determining the prediction horizon (N) to ensure stable movement and efficient computation. Meanwhile, control of the arm for pick-and-place tasks employs Gain Scheduled PID, which adaptively adjusts the control parameters (Kp, Ki, Kd) based on operating conditions to maintain motion precision.
The test results show that the excavator successfully reached the target in trajectory planning experiments, with the optimal prediction horizon ranging from N = 10 to N = 20. Larger N values did not provide significant improvements in trajectory quality but substantially increased computational load. For pick-and-place control, the Gain Scheduled PID demonstrated good performance, with joint angle errors ranging only from 0° to 3°. This ensured that the bucket remained precisely above the target area, enabling the pick-and-place tasks to be executed with accuracy.
Kata Kunci : autonomous excavator, Model Predictive Control, Gain Scheduled PID, tra- jectory planning, hardware excavator