Hubungan Status Vaksinasi Covid-19 Terhadap Derajat Keparahan Covid-19 pada Pasien Lanjut Usia di RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta

Imam Iskandar, Dr. dr. I Dewa Putu Pramantara S., Sp.PD-KGer; Dr. dr. Deshinta Putri Mulya, M.Sc., Sp.PD-KAI

2025 | Tesis-Spesialis | S2 Ilmu Penyakit Dalam

Latar Belakang: Populasi lanjut usia memiliki risiko tinggi mengalami COVID-19 derajat berat hingga kritis, dengan mortalitas yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok usia lebih muda. Vaksinasi COVID-19 diharapkan mampu mengurangi risiko tersebut, namun efektivitasnya pada populasi lanjut usia dapat dipengaruhi penurunan imunitas dan komorbiditas.

Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara status vaksinasi dan derajat keparahan COVID-19 pada pasien lanjut usia.

Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang di RSUP Dr. Sardjito pada periode 1 Januari 2021 hingga 31 Desember 2022. Subjek adalah pasien terkonfirmasi COVID-19 berusia ?60 tahun yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Variabel yang dikaji meliputi usia, jenis kelamin, indeks massa tubuh (IMT), status vaksinasi, dan derajat keparahan COVID-19. Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji chi-square, sedangkan analisis multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik untuk menen

Hasil: Dari 714 pasien, 75,5% tidak divaksin, 6,7% vaksin tidak lengkap, 15% vaksin lengkap, dan 2,8% mendapat booster. Kasus berat/kritis tercatat pada 52.6% pasien tidak divaksin, 43,7% pasien yang divaksin. Vaksinasi berhubungan signifikan dengan penurunan derajat keparahan (p<0>–0.70 untuk vaksinasi tidak lengkap, AOR 0.29; 95% CI, 0.18–0.44 untuk vaksinasi lengkap, dan AOR 0.18; 95% CI, 0.07–0.49 untuk booster, sedangkan usia, jenis kelamin, dan IMT tidak berhubungan signifikan.

Kesimpulan: Vaksinasi COVID-19, khususnya dengan dosis booster, secara signifikan mengurangi risiko terjadinya COVID-19 berat/kritis pada pasien lanjut usia yang dirawat di RSUP Dr. Sardjito..

Background: Older adults are at high risk of developing severe to critical COVID-19, with higher mortality than younger age groups. COVID-19 vaccination is expected to reduce this risk; however, its effectiveness in older adults may be influenced by immune senescence and comorbidities.

Objective: To analyze the association between COVID-19 vaccination status and disease severity in older adult patients.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Dr. Sardjito General Hospital from January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2022. Subjects were confirmed COVID-19 patients aged ?60 years who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Variables included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), vaccination status (unvaccinated, fully vaccinated, booster), and COVID-19 severity. Bivariate associations were tested using the chi-square test and multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression to identify factors that were independently associated with severity.

Results: Of 714 patients, 75.5% were unvaccinated, 6.7% partially vaccinated, 15.0% fully vaccinated, and 2.8% received a booster. Severe/critical disease occurred in 67.2% of unvaccinated, 43.7% of fully vaccinated, and 25.0% of booster recipients. Vaccination was significantly associated with reduced severity (p < 0>–0.70), full vaccination (AOR 0.29; 95% CI, 0.18–0.44), and booster (AOR 0.18; 95% CI, 0.07–0.49). Age, sex, and BMI showed no significant association.

Conclusion: COVID-19 vaccination, particularly with a booster dose, is significantly associated with lower odds of severe or critical disease among older adults hospitalized at Dr. Sardjito General Hospital.

Kata Kunci : COVID-19, vaksin, lanjut usia, derajat keparahan