EVALUASI KINERJA TERMAL DAN STRATEGI OPTIMASI FASAD DALAM MENINGKATKAN EFISIENSI ENERGI PENDINGINAN Kasus: Rusunawa IKN Nusantara

Clarissa Alfionita, Dr. Eng. Nedyomukti Imam Syafii, S.T., M.Sc.

2025 | Tesis | S2 Teknik Arsitektur

Pertumbuhan populasi di Indonesia mendorong percepatan pembangunan hunian vertikal, yang berdampak signifikan pada peningkatan konsumsi energi bangunan, khususnya untuk sistem pendinginan di wilayah tropis lembap seperti Ibu Kota Negara (IKN) Nusantara, Kalimantan Timur. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengoptimalkan kinerja fasad studi kasus untuk meningkatkan kinerja termal (suhu operatif) dan kinerja energi bangunan (cooling load) melalui penerapan optimasi fasad transparan dan strategi penghawaan campuran (hybrid ventilation). Variabel optimasi meliputi nilai U-Value, Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), dan Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR), yang diuji dalam empat skema penghawaan berbeda untuk menilai kinerja termal bangunan. Simulasi dilakukan menggunakan Rhinoceros–Grasshopper dengan plug-in OpenStudio berbasis EnergyPlus. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa konfigurasi fasad eksisting belum memenuhi ketentuan SNI, dengan nilai OTTV melebihi ambang batas 35 W/m², suhu operatif mencapai 38,7 °C yang melampaui standar kenyamanan termal SNI, serta konsumsi energi pendinginan tahunan sebesar 150,611 kWh/m² yang tergolong tidak efisien berdasarkan acuan ASHRAE 90.2. Optimasi melalui kombinasi pengurangan WWR dan penggunaan material kaca berperforma tinggi berhasil menurunkan OTTV hingga 71 %, mereduksi suhu operatif sebesar 3,863 °C, serta meningkatkan efisiensi cooling load sebesar 22 % dibandingkan kondisi eksisting. Temuan ini menegaskan pentingnya integrasi ventilasi alami dan pengendalian fasad transparan sebagai strategi desain pasif yang efektif dalam menurunkan beban pendinginan dan mewujudkan bangunan hemat energi di iklim tropis lembap.

The rapid growth of residential development driven by population increases has significantly elevated energy consumption, particularly for cooling systems in tropical regions such as Indonesia’s new capital city (IKN) in East Kalimantan. This study aims to optimize the thermal and energy performance of residential building facades through transparent facade modifications and the application of hybrid ventilation strategies. The optimization variables include U-Value, Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), and Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR), which were evaluated under four different ventilation scenarios to assess thermal performance. Simulations were conducted using Rhinoceros and Grasshopper with the OpenStudio plugin powered by EnergyPlus. The results showed that the existing facade configuration did not comply with national standards, with OTTV values exceeding 35 W/m², operative temperatures reaching 38.7°C, which surpassed the SNI thermal comfort limit, and an annual cooling energy consumption of 150.611 kWh/m², classified as inefficient based on ASHRAE 90.2. The optimized scenario that reduced WWR and used high-performance glazing succeeded in reducing OTTV by 71?%, lowering operative temperature by 3.863?°C, and improving cooling load efficiency by 22?% compared to the base case. These findings highlight the importance of controlling transparent facade properties and integrating natural ventilation as effective passive design strategies to reduce cooling demand in tropical residential buildings.

Kata Kunci : Rusunawa IKN, strategi penghawaan, cooling load, Suhu operatif, OTTV