Paparan Arsenik, Merkuri, dan Tembaga Melalui Konsumsi Ikan dari Sungai di Yogyakarta

Graciela Carina Najoan, Dr. Daniel, M.Sc; Dr.Annisa Utami Rauf,S.Pd

2025 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat

Latar Belakang: Sungai Code terpapar dampak urbanisasi, tata guna lahan, dan beragam aktivitas antropogenik yang berpotensi menjadi sumber arsenik (As), merkuri (Hg), dan tembaga (Cu) dan dapat terakumulasi di air, sedimen, serta organisme akuatik serta berpotensi menimbulkan risiko kesehatan.
Tujuan: Mengevaluasi potensi risiko kesehatan akibat paparan logam berat di Sungai Code melalui analisis konsentrasi logam berat pada berbagai media lingkungan, estimasi risiko berdasarkan jalur pajanan, serta penilaian terhadap pengetahuan, sikap, dan kesediaan masyarakat.
Metode: Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Maret 2025 di Sungai Code, menggunakan Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan (ARKL) didukung simulasi Monte Carlo. Sampel air dan sedimen diambil dari 7 stasiun sampling, dan 18 ekor ikan nila dari 6 lokasi budidaya. Survei dilakukan pada 385 responden yang bermukim di bantaran Sungai Code dan mengonsumsi ikan nila dari Sungai Code. Analisis statistik deskriptif dan regresi logistik biner menggunakan perangkat lunak SPSS Statistics 21. 
Hasil: Konsentrasi Cu pada sampel air, sedimen dan ikan nila di bawah baku mutu,  Hg di bawah batas deteksi alat. Konsentrasi As dibawah batas deteksi alat untuk sampel sedimen dan ikan namun relatif tinggi di air. Risiko non-karsinogenik Cu melalui konsumsi ikan nila dan melalui dermal ?1. Sedangkan risiko non-karsinogenik As melalui jalur dermal  ?1, namun risiko karsinogenik dari hasil simulasi Monte Carlo pada persentil ke-95 sebesar 9,44 × 10??  mendekati batas toleransi risiko. Hasil survei menunjukkan 75,8% responden memiliki tingkat pengetahuan tinggi, 52,2% menunjukkan sikap positif, dan 54,5% menyatakan kesediaan berpartisipasi dalam tindakan pencegahan. Usia, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, pengetahuan dan sikap tidak berhubungan signifikan dengan kesediaan responden. 
Kesimpulan: Sampel air, sedimen dan ikan masih dalam kondisi aman untuk Hg dan Cu, namun As melebihi bakumutu pada sampel air. Paparan Cu dan As melalui ingesti maupun dermal tidak menimbulkan risiko non-karsinogenik, sedangkan risiko karsinogenik As melalui dermal masih berada dalam batas aman. Sebagian besar responden memiliki pengetahuan tinggi, sikap positif, dan bersedia terlibat dalam pencegahan, namun tidak ditemukan faktor yang signifikan memengaruhi kesediaan tersebut.

Background: The Code River is an urban river impacted by urbanization, land use patterns, and various anthropogenic activities that potentially contribute to heavy metal contamination, such as arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), and copper (Cu). These metals can accumulate in water, sediment, and aquatic organisms, posing potential health risks to humans.
Objective: To evaluate the potential health risks associated with heavy metal exposure in the Code River by analyzing heavy metal concentrations in various environmental media, estimating risk through different exposure pathways, and assessing public knowledge, attitudes, and willingness regarding pollution and contaminated fish consumption.
Methods: The study was conducted in March 2025 in the Code River, employing Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) supported by Monte Carlo simulation. Water and sediment samples were collected from seven sampling stations, and 18 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were obtained from six aquaculture sites. A survey was administered to 385 respondents residing along the Code River who consume Nile tilapia from the river. Descriptive statistical analysis and binary logistic regression were performed using SPSS Statistics 21.
Results: Cu concentrations in water, sediment, and fish samples were below quality standards, while Hg levels were below the detection limit. As was undetectable in sediment and fish but relatively high in water. The non-carcinogenic risk (RQ) of Cu through fish consumption and dermal contact was ?1. Similarly, the non-carcinogenic risk of As via dermal exposure was ?1; However, the carcinogenic risk estimated from the Monte Carlo simulation at the 95th percentile, which was 9.44 × 10??, approached the upper limit of the acceptable risk threshold. Survey results indicated that 75.8% of respondents had high knowledge levels, 52.2% had a positive attitude, and 54.5% were willing to participate in preventive actions. Age, gender, education, knowledge, and attitude were not significantly associated with willingness.
Conclusion: Water, sediment, and fish samples were within safe limits for Hg and Cu; however, As concentrations in water exceeded the quality standard. Exposure to Cu and As through ingestion and dermal contact did not pose non-carcinogenic risks, while the carcinogenic risk of As via dermal exposure remained within acceptable limits. Most respondents demonstrated high knowledge, positive attitudes, and willingness to engage in prevention efforts, although no significant factors were found to influence such willingness.

Kata Kunci : Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan, Logam Berat, Monte Carlo, Ikan Nila, Sungai Code